Business Task 1 on individual report Essay

Despite its future(a) eco noprenominal)c prospects, the get together Arab Emirates continues to suffer from merged organisation issues. The development of corporal constitution in the land has gargantuanly been warpd by religion (Gellis et al., 2002). The rules giving medication the practise of corporeal disposal make been fundamentally influenced by Muslim Sharia. This reflects the cultural and religious characteristic of the surface area (Islam and Hussain, 2003). Islamic Sharia specifies a way pop out of core look ons much(prenominal) as trust, integrity, honesty and justice which atomic number 18 similar to the core values of incarnate goernment activity codes in the West. hitherto, a survey of in corporal g all overning in a number of Gulf countries such as fall in Arab Emirates suggests that the region continues to suffer from incorporated governance weaknesses.2.0 Reasons for the anatomical social organisation including use of suitable endorse and data The structure of the above sphere of influences and reasons for the structure and fixs on the procedure of sozzleds has been vital take of debate in the finance lit. data- found present suggests that privately held wholes slant to be much efficient and much makeable than frequently held unanimouss. This shows that self- result structure matters. The question now is how does it mend libertine achievement and why this kind of structure? This question is epoch-making since it is ground on a research agenda that has been strongly promoted by La Porta et al. jibe to these studies, failure of the legislative frame browse to issue sufficient protection for external investors, entrepreneurs and founding investors of a comp some(prenominal) tend leave maintain spacious positions in their theatres thus resulting in a concentrated birthership structure. This conclusion is interesting because it implies that monomania structure gouge affect the functioning of the solid in one way or the early(a). It is indisputable the lack of regulations in corporate governance gives managers who intend to mishandle the flow of cash for their own personal interest a low subdue level. The verifiable results from the past tense studies of bushels of willpower structure on work of corporate occupy been anomalous and assorted up. In response to corporate governance issues and their come to on corporate performance, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) and Jensen (2000) have suggested the need for improved corporate governance structures so as to enhance transp bency, account cogency and responsibility. corporal governance reform and the installation of innovative methods to limit abuse of power by pinch concern have been justified by recent large scale accounting and corporate failures such as Enron, HealthSouth, Tyco transnational, Adelphia, Global Crossing, WorldCom, Cendant and the recent orbiculate fiscal crisis. According to Monks and Minow (1996) numerous corporate failures suggest that existing corporate governance structures atomic number 18 not working efficaciously. corporate failures and accounting scandals initially come forward to a U.S phenomenon, resulting from excessive greed by investors, overheated equity grocerys, and a winner-take-all mind-set of the U.S society. However, the last decade has shown that irregularities in accounting, managerial greed, abuse of power, ar world(prenominal) phenomenon that cannot be limit to the U.S. Many non-U.S levels such as Parallax, Adecco, TV Azteca, Hollinger, Royal Dutch Shell, Vivendi, chinaware Aviation, Barings Bank, etc. have witnessed failures in corporate governance and other forms of corporate mishaps. In addition to corporate governance failures, global standards have dec rootaged significantly and unethical and questionable practices have decease widely accepted. The net opposition has been a reduction in the me nsuration of faith that investors and sh areowners have in the efficiency of capital markets. on that point is no universally accepted corporate governance model that the interest of plowshareholders and investors are adequately protected as well as ensuring that enough shareholder wealth is being created (Donaldson and Davis, 2001 Huse, 1995 Frentrop, 2003). Much of the debate on corporate governance has foc utilize on understanding whether the identity card of Directors has enough power to correspond that top centering is making the right decision. The traditional corporate governance framework a great deal ignores the unique work that the owners of the loyal can have on the calling card and thus the staunchs top focussing. The traditional framework in that respectfore ignores that fact that the owners of the quick can influence the board and thus top management to act of make particular decisions. Corporate governance studies are thusly yet to identify and deal with the complexities that are inherent in corporate governance kneades. Investment choices and owner preferences are affected among other things by the extent their degree of put on the line aversion. Owners who have economic relations with the incorruptible will be enkindle in protecting their interests even if it is reasonably evident that such protection will result in poor performance. According to Thomsen and Pedersen (1997) banks that play a three-fold role as owners and lenders would discourage high risk projects with great profit voltage because such projects may hinder the pie-eyed from run across its financial obligations if the project fails to realize its expected cash flows. The administration activity withal plays a dual role in that it serves as two an owner and a regulator. in that locationfore owners who play a dual role in the sozzled often face a trade-off amid promoting the creation of shareholder value and meeting their other specific object ives (Hill and Jones, 1992). Existing corporate governance frameworks have often ignored these issues in UAE. Rather, much of the emphasis has been on the effectiveness of the board in ensuring that top management is working towards meeting the goals of shareholders. Present corporate governance frameworks lack the ability to oversee owners and their influence on top management. The framework lacks the ability to align the role vie by firm owners, board of directors and managers interests and actions with the creation of shareholder value and wellbeing motivation of stakeholders.Discussion of the possible future structure of the industry The get together Arabs Emirates, and mainly Abu Dhabi, is enduring to increase its economy by reducing the come up proportion tint of hydrocarbons to Gross Domestic Product. This is currently being through and through with(p) by growe investment in sector areas interchangeable operate in telecommunication, education, media, health care, tourism, aviation, metals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, transportation and trade. Significant investments have been made by United Arab Emirates to establish itself as a regional trade hub. United Arab Emirates is a standardised member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition, there are ongoing negotiations to establish free trade agreements with other regions and countries such as the EU. These factors will contri scarcee positivistly to the regions integration into the global economy. United Arab Emirates is currently working towards diversifying their economies from the petroleum sector into other sectors. This variegation is expected not only to increase trade among member countries but overly to increase the regions trade with other countries and regions (Sturm et al., 2008).How the structure affects strategy decisions will power structure has an seismic disturbance on firm performance in United Arab Emirates energy production o wned sector. This region has witnessed significant economic growth over the last few decades. The region is to a fault facing turbulent times with respect to corporate governance practices, resulting in poor firm performance. Corporate governance issues are not limited to the United Arabs Emirates as part of GCC Countries. From a global point of view, corporate governance has witnessed significant transformations over the last decade (Gomez and Korine, 2005). As a result, there has been an interest in the research attention accorded to corporate governance. The credibleness of current corporate governance structures has come under scrutiny owing to recent corporate failures and low corporate performance across the world. The risk aversion of the firm can be directly affected by the self-will structure in place. Agency problems occur as a result of divergence in interests among principals (owners) and agents (managers) (Leech and Leahy, 1991). The board of directors is thereb y regarded as an intermediary among managers and owners. The board of directors plays four important roles in the firm. These take on supervise, stewardship, monitoring and reporting. The board of directors monitors and controls the free will of top management. The board of directors influences managerial discretion in two ways internal influences which are imposed by the board and external influences which relate to the role played by the market in monitoring and sanctioning managers. B Contribution of the sector to the economy of your chosen country abbreviation of contribution of sector United Arab Emirates carry on major global economic player because it has the highest embrocate reserves. UAE together with the other Gulf Cooperation Council accounts for over 40% of global oil reserves and body important in catering the global economy with oil in future. As a result, investment spending on oil exploration and development of impudent oil fields is on the rise. Global oil demand is currently on the rise. This growth is driven mainly by emerging market economies, as well as the oil producing UAE as part of GCC countries. In addition, Europe and the U.S are witnessing depletions in their oil reserves. This nitty-gritty that these regions will become increasingly dependent on the Gulf region which includes UAE for the supply of oil (Sturm et al., 2008). The importance of the United Arabs Emirates as a global economic player is therefore expected to increase dramatically in the near futureUse of appropriate data and other show up By the year 2011, the GDP of United Arab Emirates totaled to 360.2 billion dollars. afterwards in 2001, yearly growth of GNP varied from about 7.4% to 30.7%. As part of the chief crude oil suppliers, the United Arab Emirates was at world-class cut off from the universal respite by high prices on oil that rose to a record 147 US dollars per barrel in the month of July in 2008. Nevertheless, t he nation was ultimately influenced by the excavating worldwide recession which resulted to a decline in oil demand, reducing the oil prices to a reduced amount not exceeding a third of the crown of July 2008. In the last 2008 months, the trembles rumbling through global economies were eventually experienced in this section.Oil (million barrels)Proved reserves, 2013 Total oil supply (thousand bbl/d), 2012 Total petroleum consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio97,800 3,213 618 95Natural atom smasher (billion cubic feet)Proved reserves, 2013 Dry inhering gas production, 2012 Dry natural gas consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio215,025 1,854 2,235 116UAE summary energy statisticsC Critical judgment of sustainability targets on business plan of your chosen organisation Oil firms in United Arab Emirates is still quite immature. Most businesses are controlled by a few shareholders and family self-will is prevalent. Most large and small businesses are family busi nesses (Saidi, 2004). The soil is to a fault significantly involved in the management of companies (Union of Arab Banks, 2003). This is contrary to the military position quo in westbound democracies where firms are owned by a different group of shareholders which makes monomania to be completely separated from control. The self-control structure in United Arab Emirates suggests that stewardship and monitoring aspects of non-executive directors (NEDs) is absent in firms based in United Arab Emirates. will power submergence has remained high in the region because of practices such as rights issues which enable existing wealthy shareholders, and influential families to subscribe to new shares in Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) (Musa, 2002). According to a national of the corporate governance practices of five countries by the Union of Arab Banks (2003), will power of corporations is concentrated in the hands of families. In addition, corporate boards are dominated b y overbearing shareholders, their relatives and friends (Union of Arab Banks, 2003). There is a no clear separation between control and self-control. Decision making is dominated by shareholders. The number of independent directors in the board is very small and the functions of the CEO and Chairman are carried out by the same person. The high concentration in firm self-command therefore undermines the principles of good corporate governance that are prevalent in western settings (Yasin and Shehab, 2004). This evidence is consistent with findings by the World Bank (2003) in an investigation of corporate governance practices in the Middle East nitrogen Africa (MENA) region which also includes the Gulf region.1.0 Objective of empirical evidence The empirical evidence on the impact of will power structure on firm performance is mixed. Different studies have made use of different samples to reach at different, contradictory and sometimes difficult to compare conclusions. The literature suggests that there are two main self-possession structures in firm including disperse will power and concentrated monomania. With respect to concentrated willpower, most of the empirical evidence suggests that concentrated ownership nixly affects performance (e.g., Johnson et al., 2000 Gugler and Weigand, 2003 Grosfeld, 2006 Holmstrom and Tirole, 1993). Different studies have also focused on how specifically concentrated ownership structures affect firm performance. For example, with respect to government ownership, Jefferson (1998), Stiglitz (1996), and Sun et al. (2002) provide theoretical arguments that government ownership is in all likelihood to confident(p)ly affect firm performance because government ownership can facilitate the resolution of issues regarding the uncertain property rights. However, Xu and Wang (1999) and Sun and Tong (2003) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a nix impact on firm performance. On the contrary, Su n et al. (2002) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a domineering impact on firm performance. It has also been competed that the blood between government ownership and firm performance is non-linear. Another jetly canvassd ownership type and its impact on firm performance is family ownership. Anderson and Reeb (2003), Villanonga and Amit (2006), Maury (2006), Barontini and Caprio (2006), and Pindado et al. (2008) suggest that there is a positive attach between family ownership and firm performance. Despite the positive impact some studies deal that the impact of family ownership is negative (e.g. DeAngelo and DeAngelo, 2000 Fan and Wong, 2002 Schulze et al., 2001 Demsetz, 1983 Fama and Jensen, 1983 Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). The impact of strange ownership has also been investigated. Most of the evidence suggests that foreign ownership has a positive impact on firm performance (e.g., Arnold and Javorcik, 2005 Petkova, 2008 Girma, 2005 Girma and Geo rg, 2006 Girma et al., 2007 Chari et al., 2011 Mattes, 2008).With respect to managerial ownership, it has been argued that the birth is possible to be positive. Despite this suggestion Demsetz and Lehn (1985) observe a negative family consanguinity between dispersed ownership and firm performance. Institutional ownership has also been found to have a positive impact on firm performance (e.g. McConnell and Servaes, 1990 Han and Suk, 1998 Tsai and Gu, 2007). Furthermore, some studies suggest that there is no link between insider ownership and performance. Very limited studies have been conducted on the impact of ownership structure on firm performance in GCC countries like UAE. For example, Arouri et al. (2013) provide evidence that bank performance is affected by family ownership, foreign ownership and institutional ownership and that there is no significant impact of government ownership on bank performance. Zeitun and Al-Kawari (2012) observe a significant positive impact o f government ownership on firm performance in the Gulf region. The pervasive endogeneity of ownership has been cited as a potential reason why it is difficult to disentangle the blood between ownership structure and firm performance. In addition, the relation may be a function of the type of firm as well as the catamenia of observation in the life of the firm. This study is motivated by the mixed results obtained in previous studies and the limited number of studies that have focused on UAE as part of GCC countries. The objective of the study is to explore in more details the factors that motivate particular types of ownership structure and the potential impact of ownership structure and firm performance in the Gulf region2.0 verifiable indicate The empirical evidence will focus on how different ownership structures affect firm performance. solids are often characterized by concentrated and dispersed ownership. Concentrated ownership is expected to have a positive impac t on firm performance owning to the increased monitoring that it provides. Dispersed ownership has been found to be less frequent than expected. Empirical evidence suggests that most firms are characterized by various forms of ownership concentration. precondition this high level of ownership concentration, there has been an increasing concern over the protection of the rights of non-controlling shareholders (Johnson et al., 2000 Gugler and Weigand, 2003). Empirical evidence shows that ownership concentration at outgo results in poor performance. Concentrated ownership is costly and has the potential of promoting the evolution of non-controlling shareholders by controlling shareholders (Grosfeld, 2006). Holmstrom and Tirole (1993) argue that concentrated ownership can brook to poor liquidity, which can in turn negatively affect performance. In addition, high ownership concentration limits the ability of the firm to diversify (Demsetz and Lehn, 1985 Admati et al., 1994). Ther e are various forms of concentrated ownership such as government ownership, family ownership, managerial ownership, institutional ownership and foreign ownership. In the next section, the literature review will focus on how these separate ownership structures affect firm performance.2.1.1 presidential term self-will The impact of government ownership on firm performance has attracted the attention of numerous researchers because the government accounts for the largest proportion of shares of listed companies in some countries and also because government ownership can be used as an instrument of intervention by the government (Kang and Kim, 2012). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) suggest that government ownership can contribute to poor firm performance because Government Owned enterprises often face political pressure for excessive givement. In addition, it is often difficult to monitor managers of government owned enterprises and there is often a lack of interest in carrying out business process reengineering (Shleifer and Vishny, 1996 Kang and Kim, 2012). Contrary to Shleifer and Vishny (1997) some economists have argued that government ownership can improve firm performance in less developed and emerging economies in particular. This is because government ownership can facilitate the resolution of issues with respect to ambiguous property rights. The empirical evidence on the impact of state ownership on firm performance is mixed. For example, Xu and Wang (1999) provide evidence of a negative relationship between state ownership and firm performance based on data for Chinese listed firms over the period 1993-1995. The study, however, fails to find any link between the market-to-book ratio and state ownership (Xu and Wang, 1999). Sun and Tong (2003) employ ownership data from 1994 to 2000 and compares legal person ownership with government ownership. The study provides evidence that government ownership negatively affects firm performance objet dart legal person ownership positively affects firm performance. This conclusion is based on the market-to-book ratio as the broadside of firm performance. However, using engender on sales or gross earnings as the measure of firm performance, the study provides evidence that government ownership has no effect on firm performance. Sun et al. (2002) provide contrary evidence from above. utilise data over the period 1994-1997, Sun et al. (2002) provide evidence that both legal person ownership and government ownership had a positive effect on firm performance. They explain their results by suggesting that legal person ownership is another form of government ownership. The above studies treat the relationship between government ownership and firm performance as linear. However it has been argued that the relationship is not linear. Huang and Xiao (2012) provide evidence that government ownership has a negative net effect on performance in transmutation economies. La Porta et al. (2002) provide evidence across 92 countries that government ownership of banks contributes negatively to bank performance. The evidence is consistent with expandc (2005) and Brown and Dinc (2005) who investigate government ownership banks in the U.S.2.1.2 Family Ownership Family ownership is very common in oil firms in UAE. There is a difference between family ownership and other types of shareholders in that family owners tend to be more interested in the long survival of the firm than other types of shareholders(Arosa et al., 2010).. Furthermore, family owners tend to be more concerned about the firms reputation of the firm than other shareholders (Arosa et al., 2010). This is because damage to the firms reputation can also result in damage the familys reputation. Many studies have investigated the relationship between family ownership and firm performance. They provide evidence of a positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb , 2003 Villalonga and Amit, 2006 Maury, 2006 Barontini and Caprio, 2006 Pindado et al., 2008). The positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance can be attributed to a number of factors. For example, Arosa et al. (2010) suggests that family firms long-term goals indicate that this category of firms desire investing over long horizons than other shareholders. In addition, because there is a significant relationship between the wealth of the family and the value of the family firm, family owners tend to have greater incentives to monitor managers (agents) than other shareholders (Anderson and Reeb, 2003). Furthermore, family owners would be more interested in offering incentives to managers that will make them loyal to the firm. In addition, there is a substantial long-term presence of families in family firms with strong intentions to preserve the name of the family. These family members are therefore more likely to forego short-term financial rewards so as to enable future generations take over the business and protect the familys reputation (Wang, 2006). In addition, family ownership has positive economic consequences on the business. There are strong control structures that can motivate family members to communicate effectively with other shareholders and creditors using higher quality financial reporting with the resulting effect being a reduction in the cost of financing the business. Furthermore, families are interested in the long-term survival of the firm and family, which reduces the opportunistic way of family members with regard to the distribution of earnings and allocation of management,. Despite the positive impact of family ownership on firm performance, it has been argued that family ownership promotes high ownership concentration, which in turn creates corporate governance problems. In addition, high ownership concentration results in other types of be. As earlier mentioned, La Porta et al. (1999) and Vollalonga and Amit (2006) argue that controlling shareholders are likely to undertake activities that will give them shed light on unfair advantage over non-controlling shareholders. For example, family firms may be unwilling to move over dividends . Another reason why family ownership can have a negative impact on firm performance is that controlling family shareholders can easily favour their own interests at the expense of non-controlling shareholders by cartroad the company as a family employment service. Under such circumstances, management positions will be limited to family members and extraordinary dividends will be gainful to family shareholders. Agency costs may rise because of dividend payments and management entrenchment. Families may also have their own interests and concerns that may not be in line with the concerns and interests of other investor groups. Schulze et al. (2001) provide a discussion, which suggests that the impact of family ownership on fi rm performance can be a function of the generation. For example, noting that billet costs often arise as a result of the separation of ownership from control, they argue that first generation family firms tend to have limited agency problems because the management and supervision decisions are made by the same individual. As such agency costs are reduced because the separation of ownership and control has been completely eliminated. Given that there is no separation of ownership and control in the first generation family firm, the firm relationship between family ownership and performance is likely to be positive (Miller and Le-Breton-Miller, 2006). As the firm enters second and third generations, the family property becomes shared by an increasingly large number of family members with diverse interests. The moment conflict of interests sets in the relationship between family ownership and performance turns negative in accordance to. Furthermore, agency problems arise from family r elations because family members with control over the firms resources are more likely to be generous to their children and other relatives. To summarize, the relationship between family ownership and firm performance may be non-linear. This means that the relationship is likely to be positive and negative at the same time. To support this contention, a number of studies have observed a non-linear relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb, 2003 Maury, 2006). This means that when ownership is less concentrated, family ownership is likely to have a positive impact on firm performance. As the family ownership concentration increases, minority shareholders tend to be exploited by family owners and thus the impact of family ownership on firm performance tends negative. low countries have a relatively weak diamond of matched advantages.D. Analysis1.0 Potters Diamond Model The competitive forces advantages or epitome ought to be fixed on the main competitor factors and its impact analytic thinking on the business (Porter 1998, p.142). The state, and home wealth cannot be inherited -3554730607695Faktorski uvjeti00Faktorski uvjeti-27546301293495Vezane i podravajue industrije00Vezane i podravajue industrije-332041536195ansa00ansa it ought to be produced (Porter 1998, p.155). This wealth is influenced by the ability of industry to continually upgrade and innovate itself, and this is achievable exclusively by increase means in production in all part of fiscal action. The model of Porter concerns aspect which circuitously or openly affects advantage of competition. The aspect structure a place where given manufacturing sector like in this case, oil sector, state or region a register and act on the way of competing in that environment.Left0-3686175215392000Each diamond (oil) and the field of diamond (oil) as the whole structure consists of main influences that makes the oil sector competition to be successive. The se influences entail all ability and resource vital for competitive advantage of the sector data forming the opportunity and providing the response to how accessible abilities and resources ought to be ruled each interest group aim and the is most crucial, oil sector pressure to innovating and investing.Swot analysisStrengthsThe oil sector has many years producing oil and so is well established.Comparatively lots of sub-sectors for industrialist constancy and support.WeaknessesComparatively out of date scientific foundation.Inadequate well educate professionals and residents in comparison to the new industry needs.Lesser costs of work cost in oil sector due to low compensation from regular salaries in UAE.Opportunities The likelihood for resources application of EU agreement funds, as is the state resourcesReasonably good quality of 11 % graduate students share that are likely to be absorbed into this oil sector.Contribution in motivational and investment projects that help in developing the economy of UAE every time.ThreatsExpansion of oil production capacity of economies of South-Eastern that have competed with low prices of products and itsy-bitsy costs of production.Loan jobs and production globalisation.Reinforcement of local competition of adjacent economies, and thus reinforcing actions that attract direct overseas exploitation of the oil sector in UAE through investments. university extensionsAdmati, A., Pfleiderer, P., and Zechner, J. 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Reflection practice Essay

Reflection practise is an approach that allows practiti sensationrs to understand how they use their experience in realistic situations and how they mix action and matching in a much successful manner (Henderson, 2002). Kondrat (2004) claims that the aim of full of life admonition is to be conscious of the influence of the subject self in relations to prejudices so that such prejudices whitethorn be reduced or removed. thus far, metalworker (2002 138) argues that for aspect to be tiny it call for to overly embrace the capacity to give well-disposed structures and power relationships analytically and apply this analysis in place. This assignment aim at look intoing the benefits and challenges of animadversion in work coiffure by reflecting on an attendant at work and examine what went revile and what went well (see appendix 1). It go a stylus evaluate my gain well-nigh how I used reflection factor to develop professional usage after an incident. It will also a ssess how feedback from carriage and colleagues whitethorn help me to maintain my go on professional ripening.see morethe different ways that people whitethorn react to receiving constructive feedbackAccording to Taylor and Beverly (2000) reflection is a significant kind-hearted activity in which people recall their experiences, think about it, mull over over, evaluate it and it is this functional with experience that is all important(p) in education. Du Gay (2005) claims that we learn by means of critical reflection by putting ourselves into the experiences and exploring personal and metaphysical knowledge to understand it and view it in different ways. However, Swan (2008) argues that it may be hard to reflect in work practice cod to time constraint and lack of understanding about how to reflect. Swan (2008) get on argues that differents practitioners may non be motivated enough in purpose time to reflect. However, Taylor (2000) proposes that improved self- awake( predicate)ness, though non the principle reason for reflection, may create important changes in normal reactions to challenging clinical constituent that may affect a beneficial change in the offspring observed.As a wellness and societal mete out practitioner I appreciate that reflection stomachs a number of benefits such as usefulness in practice and in patient suffice. Improved self-knowledge may offer this additional benefit, as contending with the behaviour of persons in strange circumstances outlines an important part of health care practitioners Taylor (2000). Wilkin (2002), Paget (2001)and Taylor (2000) cited in Hayden, (2005) agree with the notion that reflection allows practitioners to broaden themselves intellectually and improves their professional role especially when pressure is wielded to expect more technically. However, Smith and Jack (2005) argue that practitioners need to be aware of personal advantages, improved self-awareness and improved confidence in p rogressing professional information as it may affect how they relate with patient.In relation to my separate learning plan (ILP) as identified in appendix one I devote encountered problem such as involving colleagues and my manager in giving me feedback. This may be because of work demands placed on my manager and change in lag structure due to an incident which occurred in work. Therefore I had to reconsider using a diary to enter activities identified in ILP and record of incident this meant that I can but rely on my own feedback and the understanding of my work practise in order to achieve the best possible outcome.According to Boud (2000) health and social care professionals often work one on one with process users who may be experiencing various levels of emotional distress. Young and Henquinet (2000) claim that more than half of challenging behaviour occurs in social services and health care ambits, therefore safety is paramount. Boud (2000) claims that it is vital tha t professionals and service users do not exist in blankness, as both parties are influenced by societal, lodge and organizational behaviour this is supported by Bronfebrenners scheme (Adams, 2007).Smith (2002) states that these factors may impact on service users relationship and interactions therefore a key skill is needed to work in partnership with service users. When the service user went absent without authorised leave I had to do immediately as it was apparent that I was the nevertheless person with equal knowledge. Having experience this before and knowing my work practice procedures on missing person prompted me to react as I did as identified in Schon (1991) reflection in action.Smith (2002) further argues that to attain this, it is inborn forprofessionals to be able to get up logic of their practice, and to understand their involvement in curative functioning. This was evident in my practice as I had to support other service users who were in distress and also I h ad to write an incident report whilst offering re- assurance. This was challenging as I am working as part of a teeny-weeny team up which meant that I had to ladder some of the task individually. However, being part of a small team meant that I was able to interact and communicate more easily with peers and gained their aesthesis of commitment level as pointed out by (Young and Henquinet 2000).Northouse (2004) states that ethics in a small teams are important because as team progress through the decision- fashioning or problem-solving process, several questions may arise that may need to be dealt with and the peoples behaviour or actions surrounds the communication process. Engleberg and Wynn (2003) aim that staff member or team members need to consider how their communicatory and nonverbal communication and listening skills may affect how they construct and come across these messages. Fujishin, (2007) argues that communicating in an unethical way may include misrepresenting a position or stance on a topic, and pretending to be informed about a topic.Fujishin, (2007) suggests that to avoid this staff member should not keep back information from other members and should be truthful when sacramental manduction information. As a practitioner I am morally necessary to contemplate the likely benefit or harm that may resultant if I chose to do nothing in a given situation. My actions matched my effect in the human rights to be safe and contribute to decision making and information sharing (Beidler and Dickey 2001).Controlled reflection may thus be an instrument to help professionals gain bettor understanding not only into professional practice but into their working relationship with service users Bould (2000). Gaining better knowledge and understanding into reflection is not new, Schon (1999) in Adams et al (2009) defines reflection in action as an approach taken by practitioners in work setting to instantly restructure and adjust their practice. Howeve r, Crisp and greens (2002) argue that uncontrolled reflection may not generate theory or understanding. Nevertheless, the practitioner whois able to reflect on a situation, take hold good sense of what happened and coherent the process and variables abstruse may create a better understanding of the situation and of theory.Another way of making sense of circumstances that affect us together individually and professionally is through organised musing writing. The method of reflection does not have to be written, however Seymour (2003) and Ullrich et al (2002) suggest that more understanding may be gained if writing is involved as it may allow the professionals to structure opinions and reminiscences more subjectively. Ullrich and Lutgendorf (2002) also claim that it may also provide a pertinacious record for other professionals to access in future.In work setting I had to keep record and times of incident this is refer to as incident report. Lindeman (2000) claims that writing a n incident report allows practitioners to learn about individuals, composition and others. For instance, I have learnt a lot about different agencies that gets involved when a service user is reported missing. I have also learnt about the importance of keeping accurate conversation records.Duffy (2000) proposes that the process of reflective writing may offer time to reflect properly and make sense of happenings that may have affected work practice. Nonetheless, without a adopt outline it may be problematic to know in what way or what to reflect upon. Burton (2000) argues that this is particularly applicable to trainee reflective professionals. Furthermore, Brennan and Hutt (2001) argue that some other additional likely risk is that professionals only reflect upon circumstances that they com manoeuver as gone wrong. Taylor (2000) states that in this case reflective writing then becomes possibly negative and not useful if left unstructured or un- facilitated.This was apparent co mmon in my work practice as staff focused more on the negative of the incident instead of support the use of positive. McCabe (2004) suggest that it is the duty of the experienced practitioner to question the practice of another if they believe inappropriate treatment may harm or be negative to service user. It was extremely difficult to challenge my colleagues about their negative comments this may be because they havebeen in my work practice longer than me. McCabe (2004) argues that health practitioners may feel uncomfortable due to disbelief in their work practice. Conversely, Paget (2001) argues that service users best sideline must be conserved all the time even if impinge should arise.According to Joyce (2005) common difficulties with using reflective journals involve procrastination, fading, eagerness, and also hesitance or lack of ability to reflect. ruminative diaries or periodicals may be an effectual tool for self assessment and development of reflective skill, spe cifically reflection on practice (Joyce, 2005). The skill of reflective writing may be advanced either through working separate or within peer groups. Teekman (2000) believes that record keeping is part of showing symmetry and caring about service users outcome. Caring is also paramount in health and social care, I feel powerfully about this belief and try to practise continuously.Ritz (2009) cited in Ritz and Weissleder, (2009) proposes that writing and thought process goes together when developing critical skills. According to Wilkie and Burn (2003) Health and social care have a spoken culture in which practitioners have restricted chances to develop critical, analytical skills through writing. I found it wanton to use diary this may be due to the time I spent writing incident report. However, getting feedback from my colleagues proofed difficult as they had different views about giving me feedback. This may be due to what they discern as of importance as pointed out by Bowers and Jinks (2004).In conclusion reflecting about incident at work has been self- empowering and has provided me with a scholarship into personal understanding and control (McCabe 2004). This reflection has recognised the opinions, hindrances associated with working in Health and social care (HSC) practice. Additionally, it has also shown that the present-day premise of HSC is multifaceted. However using Schons context does aim to reveal the insufficiencies of a prescribed attitude to knowledge and practice and this may result to new understandings (Teekman, 2000). Consequently, it is essential that the professional is allowed to reflect critically on practiceso as to improve and extend knowledge and eventually the quality of service and care provided to service users. wistful writing has helped me to cope with critical incident at work and I feel like I can pass this tool to my work colleagues.ReferencesAdam R, Dominelli L, and Payne, M (2009) social work themes, issues and criti cal debates(3rd ed). Basingstoke Palgrave. Boud, D. (2000) Sustainable Assessment Rethinking assessment for the learning society. Studies in Continuing precept. 22 151-167. Bowers S. J. and Jinks A. M.( 2004) Issues surrounding professional portfolio development for haves. British journal of Nursing, 13 (3) 155-159 Brennam A.M. and Hutt R. (2001) the challenges and conflicts of facilitating learning in practice the experience of the clinical nurse educators nurse in practice 1(4) 181-188. Bulman C, and Schutz S. (2004) Reflective Practice in Nursing (3rd ed) Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Burton A. J,.(2000) reflection nursing s practice and schooling panacea . Journal of right Nursing 31 10009-1017. Crisp, B.R. and Green L. P. (2002). Assessments methods in social work nurture A review of the literature social work education 21 259-269. Demmke, C, Hammerschmid, G, Meyer, RE (2006) Decentralisation and Accountability as a Focus of normal Administration Modernisation Challenges a nd Consequences for Human Re denotation Management. Maastricht/Brussels EIPA Duff, L,.(2000) from rote to reflection an incredible Learning Journey Canadian Nurse 96(7) 30-33. Du Gay, P (2005) The determine of Bureaucracy. Oxford Oxford University Press.Engleberg, I. N., & Wynn, D. R. (2003). Working in groups Communication principles and strategies (3rd ed.). Boston, Houghton MifflinFisher, K (2003) Demystifying critical reflection define criteria for assessment. Higher genteelness Research & Development 22(3) 313325.Fujishin, R. (2007).Creating effective groups The art of small group communication (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD Rowman & Littlefield.Hayden, K S. (2005) Critical incident A nurses personal reflection. Pro quest nursing & Allied health source (15)329. Henderson, GM (2002) Transformative learning as a condition for transformational change in organizations. Human Resource Development go off 1(2) 186214.Joyce P.(2005) A framework for portfolio development in postgraduate nurs ing practice. Journal for Clinical Nursing,14(4) 456-463. Kondrat, M. E, . (2004) Who is the Self in Self-Aware Professional Self-Awareness from a Critical Theory Perspective, loving Service Review 3(4) 45177.Lindeman C. A. (2000) the future of nursing education. Journal of Nursing Education 395-12. McCabe, C (2004) Nurse patient communication an exploration of patients experience. Journal of clinical Nursing 13 (1) 45-54 McCutcheon, H. and Pincombe J. (2001) Intuition an important tool in the practice of nursing. Journal of advanced Nursing. 35(3) 342-348.Paget T(2001) reflective practice and clinical outcomes pracitioners views on how reflective practice has influenced their clinical practice. Journal of clinical Nursing. 10(2) 204-214.Parton, N and OByrne, Pk (2000) Constructive Social Work. Basingstoke Macmillan.Ritz A, Weissleder, M (2009) Management development in human beings administration. In Thom N, Zaugg RJ (eds) Modern personnel development. Wiesbaden Gabler, pp. 3713 94.Ritz, A (2009) human beings service motivating and organizational performance in Swiss federal government. International Review of Administrative Sciences 75(1) 5378.Rogers, R (2001) Reflection in higher education A concept analysis. Innovative Higher Education. 26(1) 3757.Seymour, B,. Kinn, S,. and Sutherland N,. (2003) Valuing both critical and creative thinking in clinical practice narrowing the research practice gap. Journal of advanced Nursing 42 288- 296. Smith, A,. and Jack K,. (2005) Reflective practice a meaning task for students nursing standard 19 (26) 33-37. Smith, S. (2002) What Works for Whom The Link between Process and Outcome in effectualness Research, Australian Social Work 55(2).Swan, E,. (2008) Lets not get too personal Critical reflection, reflexivity and the confessional turn. Journal of European Industrial Training 32(5) 385399.Taylor, Beverly J. (2000) Reflective Practice A Guide for Nurses and Midwives. St Leonards,Australia Allen and Unwin.Taylor B.J. (2000) Reflective practice A guide for nurses and midwives. OpenUniversity Press, Maidenhead.Teekman, B. (2000) Exploring reflective thinking in nursing practice. Journal of advanced nursing 31(5) 1122-1135. Thorpe, K (2004) Reflective learning journals From concept to practice. Reflective Practice 5(3) 327343.Ullrich P. M. and Lutgendorf S. K,. (2002) Journaling about stressful events effects of cognitive processing and emotional expression. Annals of Behavioural Medicine. 24 244-250.van der Meer, F, Marks, P (2013) Teaching and learning reflection in MPA programmes Towards a strategy. Teaching Public Administration 31(1) this issue.Wilkie K. and Burn I. (2003) Problem based Learning A enchiridion for Nurses. Palgrave MacMillan Basingstoke.Wilkin K (2002) Exploring expert practice through reflection nursing incritical care. 7(2) 88-93 Young, C. B., & Henquinet, J. A. (2000). A conceptual framework for designing group projects.Journal of Education for Business, 76, 5660.

Physiology Essay

Muscles argon responsible for each(prenominal) conscious and unconscious carryment. It is how we move and react to an environment. There ar three casefuls of ponderositys in the body allow the skeletal vim, smooth muscle, and the cardiac muscle. Whether you atomic number 18 running, walking, breathing, eating, sleeping, or typing it all involves some sort of muscle action. Muscle stalls that shape, form, and outline the whole benevolent skeleton is called a muscle eccentrics. There are two types of muscle fibers sign I ( long-winded-twitching fibers) and Type II ( fast-twitching fibers).The slow muscles are more than efficient at using oxygen to generate more dismiss (known as ATP) for continuous, extended muscle contractions over a long time. They glow more slowly than fast twitch fibers and can go for a long time out front they expatiateigue. (Quiin, 2013) The slow-twitching fibers utilizes an oxidation vital force clay, or mogul to drive more oxygen in creati ng fuel for the muscles, that allows long standoffishness runners to finish a marathon as long as they can. In contrast, Type I muscle fiber is built more for endurance. true oculused twitch fibers use anaerobic metabolism to create fuel, they are more than better at generating short bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles. How eer, they fatigue more quickly. Fast twitch fibers generally produce the equivalent count of force per contraction as slow muscles, but they hold back their name because they are able to fire more rapidly. (Quiin, 2013) Fast-twitching muscles generate vim from the anaerobic heartiness system, allowing explosive movements for short amount of time before fatigue.Conclusively, Type II fibers are more for a sprinter or agility movements in periods of two or three minutes. To break it down more, there are two types of Type II muscle fibers Type IIa and Type IIb. Type IIa have both characteristics Type I and Type II fiber that consume both anaerobic and aerobic energy systems. And type IIb is more desire fast-twitching fibers with its anaerobic energy requirements. When it comes to discipline certain muscles fiber types, everybody is more differently built with one muscle fiber than the other.Some are more of a 300-meter sprinter others are able to run endlessly. Training for a marathon requires a lot of long distance running training for a 400 meter shuttle sprint will require more short distance runs. No matter what the case is, the solo way to improve performance is to keep working on that celestial sphere in return builds endurance for that muscle group. In relation to the preceding paragraph, muscles require energy to perform. Depending on the muscle fiber type determines which energy system is apply.Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is energy that make muscle contraction possible. The energy systems consist of the ATP-PCr system, glycolysis system, and the oxidative system. The ATP-PCr system utilizes stored ATP for q uick, explosive movements such as releasing a powerful swing with a baseball bat. The glycolysis system provides energy for activities of slightly longer duration and lower intensity like strength training. (Hefferman, 2012) And the oxidative system is used for physical activities that perform for a longer period of time, requiring more oxygen.The first two energy systems are anaerobic, while the third one is aerobic. What all of these systems have in everyday is they must consume glucose. Glucose is a form of fuel that comes from the foods we eat. Glucose store in the muscles and liver is called glycogen. When the body and muscles need energy, the glycogen goes through glycolysis in which is impoverished down to, once again, glucose. Performing an exercise requires the fuel for the contracting muscles. How does the muscle contract? Reason to contract muscle can be with and without conscious.On a segment or bundle of muscles are controlled by a nerve cell in the nervous system. T he neuron is made up a cell body (soma), axon, and dendrites. The neuron is referred to as an excitable tissue that transmits signals into nerve impulses. A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that travels along an axon. There is an electrical difference amidst the in lieu of the axon and its surroundings, like a small battery. When the nerve is activated, there is a sudden change in the electric potential across the wall of the axon, caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron. (What are nerve impulses)From contracting muscles to maintaining normal cellular functions, the body requires fuel for energy. Fuel, or calories, is what our body does to metabolize energy. To obtain this fuel, we consume food. Foods we eat made up nutrients and fuel substrates consisting of fat, protein, carbohydrates. Carbohydrates, when broken down, create glucose that is for energy or stored, turns into glycogen, when not in immediate use. Fat is broken down to triglycerides to be used for metabolic energy, and stored as fat when not in immediate use.Protein breaks down into a form of amino acids when used for energy. Carbohydrates and fat are mainly used for all metabolic needs to generate ATP protein, in a form of amino acids, goes through lipogenesis for cellular energy needs. In issuance where all fat and carbohydrates are depleted, protein is a last resort for ATP. If you ever noticed on a nutrition label printed on a bag or box of food, sometimes you can see the amount of calories per gram that each substrate has.Carbohydrates and protein stores about four calories per gram, whereas fat contains gild calories per gram this is one favour of consuming fat than carbohydrates. other advantage is fat (triglycerides) can be stored as fat, while carbohydrates require water supply to form into glycogen for store this results into water retention (water weight). Disadvantage of fat would be converting into energy (glucose), whereas carbohydrates (glucose) are a l jell broken down and ready to be utilized. This is a reason why marathon runners carb load geezerhood prior the event.Injunction to the first paragraph, the heart is made up of the cardiac muscle. unmatchable of the most essential parts of the cardiovascular system, the heart pumps the squanderer end-to-end the body transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells. The heart is a very complex organ that consists of four cavities, or open spaces, inside the heart that fill with blood. ii of these cavities are called atria. The other two are called ventricles. The two atria form the slew top of the heart. The ventricles meet at the bottom of the heart to form a pointed base which points toward the left side of your chest.The left ventricle contracts most forcefully, so you can best feel your heart pumping on the left side of your chest. (Unysis) So, the heart pushes the red, oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the left side of the heart to the counterweight of the body. As t he blood pumps, it delivers the oxygen and flows back to the heart and through the lungs to look across off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen. To prevent back flow, hearts internal structures comprises of valves that open and close with every pump of blood. Another essential part of the cardiovascular is blood.Blood is a fluid containing red blood cells, plasma, antibodies, hormones, enzymes, and nutrients. The purpose of blood consist of transporting oxygen to cells of the body, carry out pine away such as carbon dioxide, maintain normal body temperature, and consecrate pH levels and hormones. Blood travels through series of vessels. These include arteries (rich-oxygen blood difference the heart to cells), veins (poor-oxygen blood leaving from the cells through the heart and to the lungs), and capillaries (blood vessel that connects between the veins and arteries). Blood is the life source to sustain life and maintain cellular functions.

Developmental Psych Papere

The study of the psychological study in children has been an ongoing endeavor. storied theorist, Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalytic st mature of psychological development think on the psychosexual development of individuals. Erikson developed his own theory of development which spanned over cardinals lifetime. Psychological development has stirred arguments in theory from biological theorists and environ mental theorists as well.Despite the uncompromised viewpoints from psychological, biological, and environmental theorists, children continue to be born, grow, and sustain adults without a definitive explanation to their development. there exists the lingering enquire as to why few children grow and develop serious psychological disorders and learning dysfunctions when compared to separate children who are devoid of any dysfunction.BackgroundAt first view, tour is a rambunctious typical 8 yr old boy. It is pronounced that his attention span is compromised as he is un able to remain pore on one activity for any given length of time. His parents, Jason and Alexis, explained that hug drug was born via Caesarean section after forty-two prolonged hours of labor. A second child was born, a girl, later the following year. At the age of 2, his parents noticed that he seemed too eager and full of energy. After a trip to the pediatrician, they were assured that this was typical behavior for a 2 year old boy.Up to the age of 4, his parents became more distraught with their inability to control his behaviors. By this point, Adam was sleeping three hours per night, had gotten outside the family home by plectron a lock with a butter knife, was physically abusing his younger sister, had overturned his collar bone bound off a Little youngster car, re-broken the collar bone in the doctors office jumping off the exam table despite the doctors efforts to glamour him, and his parents werePSYCHOLOGY 3sleeping in shifts in order to keep up with his hyperactivit y (personal communication, whitethorn 15, 2010). The family get reassurance from the pediatrician who indicated that it was a phase that Adam would soon outgrow. It is clear-cut that some(prenominal) Jason and Alexis were debating whether or not Adams behavior was an individual deflexion or an abnormal behavior, but one could also suggest the initiative of the issues with Adam being r prideful to a nature versus nurture troth (Berryman, et al, 2002)AnalysisDiagnosisWhen Adam was 6, his parents contacted a Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist after wearing every other known resource and outlet, including school counselors and the family pediatrician. Adam was present through a series of developmental, biological, and psychological tests. The psychiatrist met with the parents two-weeks following the test phase. It was determined that Adam was suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( minimal brain damage) and bipolar Disorder I. While Jason and Alexis admit that they were horrified by the diagnoses, they rich person state that they were equally relieved to finally have a name for what was improper with their son (personal communication, May 15, 2010).The Diagnostics and Statistics Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition, (DSM-IV-TR) defines attention deficit disorder as being a condition often present in children indicated by behaviors and mannerisms inconsistent with the childs developmental age (American psychiatrical Association, 1994). Specific symptoms include restlessness, driven mood, excessive talking, distractible, and an inability to remain focused. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) notes that learning disabilities are frequent with the diagnosis of ADHD (APA, 1994). The diagnosis of BipolarPSYCHOLOGY 4Disorder I indicates that episodes of mania are or have existed in the patient. Bipolar Disorder is defined as severe mood swings associated with elated happiness, or mania, in contrast to extreme depression, or pe riods of sadness (APA, 1994).TreatmentTreating both of these conditions in a child requires consistency and encouragement from the family. From a pharmacologic standpoint, these conditions are being treated with Clonodine and Depekote. Family and cognitive therapies have been incorporated into the familys routine. Lab tests, blood work, are performed bi-weekly as the level of Depekote must be monitored so that it does not become toxic. In reference to Adams learning disability, he is enrolled in special education classes in a public elementary school. To date, Adam seems well adjusted and fully conjunct in taking his daily medications. Alexis indicated that his individual therapy has helped him to recognize periods where he has become too active, whereby Adam entrust indicate that he demand some alone time to calm down (personal communication, May 15, 2010).DiscussionThe prognosis for these types of conditions in children is uncertain. Years ago, a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in a child was unheard of, and it would seem to be more congruent with a Conduct Disorder. Times are changing as is developmental psychology. The subscriber line of these conditions is not definite. Alexis wonders if there was oxygen deprivation during labor which may have contributed to Adams disorders, but there is not a clear or concise medical opinion to assert this to fact (personal communication, May 15, 2010). There are still questions as to whether or not any of these conditions may be hereditary, despite the fact that neveryPSYCHOLOGY 5Jason nor Alexis have any family members with either condition. With regard to the abnormal behavior exhibited by Adam there exists a name for the psychological dysfunction. In relation to Adam as an individual, it is self-explanatory that he does have specific differences than that of other children his own age. It is still a battle and argument to be had with regard to developmental psychologists and theorists.ConclusionJason and Alexis continue to embody and function with the knowledge that their son has been diagnosed with two disorders requiring constant monitoring and care. In lieu of these conditions, they still manage to do things as any other family does. They have a family in which one child has special needs. For them, these needs have become the norm, even though golf-club views these obstacles as an impact and inconvenience. Developmental psychology is a study of the ways in which one goes from being a dependent infant to a self-sufficient adult. There are a variety of ways that each individual will accomplish such a task. There does not appear to be any one definition by which each person grows and develops thoughts, mental processes, or abilities. Each person simply grows by learning and adapting in order to survive. The field of developmental psychology has much work and interrogation ahead of itself, but it has already made great strides with regard to how society has gotten where it is.

Online reservation and billing

1. intercommunicate RationaleComputer today is a vital tool for the management of information within the organization. Today, most of the hotels and resorts volunteer goods and operate using computer establishment. It helps to perform task in an slack way with less time consumed. Some companies become fully automatise while others strive for the similar setting. Today, many organisations have employ an mechanization process like using computer system, due to the efficient and accuracy. Hotel second-stringer System with Billing System and automated SMS is proposed to help the community to adulterate somewhat common problems that exist. This system will help the establishment as regards to their online making system. The main function of the proposed online backlog system is to help the company to promote, advertise and loose booking for the guest, will also make their outgrowth efficient and effective.The proponents conduct a depicted object towards the topic becaus e we noticed some of the hotels and resorts are using online hotel reservation system while the Cliffside Resort is smooth using manual reservation. Therefore, the proponents aim to find out how to increase the deed of customer using computerize online reservation and with billing system and automated SMS. The hotel reservation system will abide service to online customers, turn on agents, and an administrator.Online customers and travel agents do-nothing make searches, reservations and cancel an lively reservation on the hotel reservations web site. It helps the customer to reserve room through the internet, nail the availcap suitable rooms the rates of it and at the same time the system will automatically total the rate of the reserved room. Administrator can add/update the hotel and the room information approve/disapprove a new travel agents account application and generate a monthly occupancy rate root for the hotel. The online reservation system with billing system ai ms to simplify the manual reservation faster and accurate.The study aims to develop a computerized operation at Cliffside Resort to improve strength of its daily business transactions thus, enhancing the quality of service for its guests. This chapter will consider the background of the company and the problems that confront the company in relation to operations.2. Project Description2.1 Statement of the Problem2.1.1 customary ProblemHotel customers choose central considerations in choosing a appear to stay like location, price/value and service. These are very important because these are the primary basis of a customer to be attracted in that business. Since the researchers plunge out that manual procedure are still utilize in processing their billing and reservation transactions, it greatly affects their customers need.2.1.2 Specific Problem2.1.2.1 Difficulty in location of guest files due to the bounteous number of guests files, location of guest files during checking in, updating of daily expenditures, receipt propagation and checking out is extremely difficult for the hotel employees.2.1.2.2 Large storage space the carnal files occupy too much space of about two rooms full of storage cabinets. This occupies the hotels space that could have otherwise been used for income generation by the hotel.2.1.2.3 Human and computational errors many errors enabled by the perplex system, which is the manual system, due to tedious computations required during data processing live the hotel management heavily.2.1.2.4 The hotel billing statement doesnt provide specific or detailed information regarding on customers payment or charges.2.1.2.5 Complains from guests due to poor management of documents encouraged by the manual system, some(prenominal) cases were reported where guests complained of overcharging, charging of services not used by the guests.2.1.2.6 Poor converse due to poor conference between the departments, guests are often served with services they didnt order.2.1.2.7 Difficulty in data analysis The accountants usually found it difficult to analyze the guests data during generation of expenditure bills due to lacking of some records.2.1.2.8 Inefficient monitoring of rooms availability.3. Proposed Project Research3.1.1 General ObjectivesOur goal is to provide software system that helps Cliffside Resort to increase gross because it saves processing time and helps to provide better management for room reservation booking system. To create a Webpage Development Information System of the hotel to provide a secured database storage for the hotel information for fast and accurate processing in promoting Hotel Web Information Development System and to provide a communication of the guest through Internet.3.1.2 Specific ObjectivesThe study aims to develop and improve the existing manual reservation system of Cliffside Resort. The study intends to carry out the next specific objectives3.1.2.1 To enable online booking via the inte rnet.3.1.2.2 To enable automated data approach methods.3.1.2.3 Ensure efficient and reliable communication within the hotel.3.1.2.4 To be able to add and update the admin users, rooms, and services that is only accessible by the administrator.3.1.2.5 To be able to display the entire guest in price of information.3.1.2.6 To be able to provide an easiness of reservation for online and walk-in guests.3.1.2.7 To be able to impart accuracy in terms of allowing the system in terms of adding of guests, viewing of the available room and adding of bills.3.1.2.8 To be able to generate cash-in report by month that is only accessible by the administrator.3.1.2.9 Enforce protective cover measures to avoid unauthorized access to guest records.3.1.2.10 Enable fast and easy retrieval of guest records and data for fast reference activities.

People’s Republic of China Essay

Mainland of importland mainland chinaw are is rooted in more than than 4,000 years of rich Chinese refinings and s centre of attention. Its recognisen for their springys, travel, history, business and food, their tribe and customs. Traditional Kung Fu is as much of the nuance of china according to statistics. The Chinese peck have dual-lane a common socialisation longer than either other groups on earth. mainland mainland china is peerless of the cradles of the human race. For thousands of years the finale of china has attract and go many people from all over the world, being so eccentric and one-of-a-kind as well as elegant and inspiring.The Chinese culture, a culture that has evolved for thousands and thousands of years contains rare beauty and enchanted with history variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia. pic In order to effectively examine chinaware we exigency to graduation exercise conceive what their culture is ab out. Culture is defined as parliamentary laws shared and socially transmitted its ideas, values, and sensings, which are used to posit sense of experience and which generate behavior that is reflected in that behavior. on that point are five major characteristics of culture, they are that Culture is shared, one shared ingredient launch in all cultures is an understanding in touch to gender roles, which are the roles a particular culture assigns to men and women. The gage characteristic is Culture is learned, not biologically inherit. The process whereby culture is passed from one generation to the next. The thirdly is symbols. Much of human behavior is mediated by symbolssigns, sounds, emblems, and other things that represent meaningful concepts. The forth is that Culture is integrated. The bringation of culture includes three structural elements that work together to keep the culture hefty An infra social structure provides the basic necessities of life, a social struct ure determines how people act with one another, and a superstructure, or worldview, provides a belief system that helps people identify themselves, their society, and the world around them. Lastly, Culture is dynamic. Chinese arts and crafts, including painting, calligraphy, operas and silk.During these cardinal or five thousand years of growth, china in the main blistering on the five common cereals and vegetables and added by a small tot of meat which is radiated to the advance of culinary skills and early civilization of the country. When one element within the system shifts, the entire system shifts to accommodate it. East Asiatic cultures have many similarities in unearthly beliefs, family social networks, diet and education. late china differs greatly in establishment. They have maintained a communist state and resisted Westernization. This is not the case with the rest of the Far East.Western culture appears to be a driving posture behind about of new(a) East Asian culture. pic China has a very diverse geographical and urban landscape. Within Chinas borders lies the tallest peak in the world, muckle Everest, it is just one of many skunks that make up the Himalayan mountain range in the matingern constituent of China. China also boasts the third longest river in the world with South Chinas Yangtze River which is almost(prenominal)what 3,400 miles long. China has over 8,700 miles of coastline, and has many plains and valleys throughout its nearly 12,400 square miles of bourn land.The vast landscape has dwellings that vary anywhere from small villages to large cities and metropolitan areas. China also has one of the largest man-made structures in the world, the Great hem in it is so large that it is visible from outer space. In terms of climate, China may be divided amongst the humid eastern region and the dry west. The humid east can be further subdivided between the warm and humid south and southeast and the temperate-to-cool, moderately humid north and northeast. Much of the humid eastern region of China exhibits a monsoonal build of temperature and precipitation.In a monsoon climate, the warm summer months are typically the months of uttermost precipitation. Chinas population exceeds 1 billion, more than 500 cardinal people live in and around cities in China, according to the 1990 census. on that point are more urban dwellers in China than are found in either the United States or Russia. Some of the cities are instead large. Shanghai, for example, has more than 7 one thousand thousand people Beijing has more than 6 million, and Tianjin more than 5 million. Many cities have more than 1 million people each. (Comptons Living Encyclopedia) Chinas cities are expanding rapidly. The government is attempting to regulate urban growth in order to avoid such(prenominal) problems as congestion, overcrowding, slum development, and unemployment. Chinas government is a pluralitys Republic the main organs of th e government are under communist party control. The head of state in China is the premiere. The population of China is and has been a strain on the countries resources because of this the government has interjected itself into the peoples family planning.Chinas family planning policy combines government direction with the wishes of the masses. The basic requirements of family planning are late marriages and late child-bearing, so as to have fewer, but healthier, babies, peculiarly one child per couple. But a flexible family planning policy is adopted for rural people and heathenish minorities in rural areas, couples may have second baby in exceptional cases, but must wait several years subsequently the birth of the first child. Chinese people have the tradition of respecting the sometime(a) and loving the young.Though many young couples do not live with their parents, they maintain close contact with them. Grown up children have the art to support and help their parents. The Chinese people attach great splendor to relations between family members and relatives, and cherish their parents, children, brothers and sisters, uncles, aunts and other relatives. Communication among the people of China can be challenging due to the numerous written and verbalize oral communications of the country. The Han people have their own spoken and written language.Chinese belongs to the Han-Tibetan language family. It is the most commonly used language in China, and one of the most commonly used languages in the world. All of Chinas 55 minority people have their own languages, except the Hui and Manchu, who use Chinese 23 of these have a written form. Economically China has changed comfortably since it became a communist state in 1949, since the founding of New China, especially in the 20 years after the start of reform and possible action to the outside world in 1978.China has made great achievements in economic construction and social development. China instituted multiple financial plans that has allowed for outbound economic growth and modernization. There are three major religious in china Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, although Confucianism is a school of philosophy than a religion, some turn to Taoism when they find themselves frustrated and many turn to Buddhism even if they neer read the sutures beliefs. Chinese people do not have a strong religious inclination but despite this the three main faiths.China is proud of the many people, The Hui, Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Tatar, Ozbek, Tajik, Dongxiang, Salar, and Bonan people adhere to Islam the Tibetan Buddhism, and the Dai, Blang and Deang to Theravada Buddhism. Buddhism was first introduced to China from India in the first century A. D. , becoming increasingly hot after the fourth century. Tibetan Buddhism, or Lamaism as it is sometimes called, is found primarily in Tibet and Inner Mongolia. warfare and the host have been a central role in the shaping of modern Chinese history a rmed struggle has played an meaning(a) part.The majority of Chinas imperial dynasties rose and fell due to success or whacking upon the battlefield. The 20th century saw the conflict between Nationalist and Communist forces that resulted in todays divided China the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan. It also witnessed Chinas intervention in the Korean War and border clashes with its neighbors India, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam. (Worthing) Many factors have led to the perceived military threat known as China.These factors have figured decisively in the rise and fall of imperial dynasties, the suppression of internal revolts, the emergence of revolutionary movements, and the conduct of Chinas foreign relations, the development of political parties, the structure of governments, the rise of nationalism and the drive for modernization, all of which have driven the worlds perception of China emerging as a 21st-century military and economic power. Chinas past has aided in sh aping much of the countries core values, but economically a western view on transaction and technology has been adapted.Chinas determination to do all outward-bound dealing on their own terms has allowed them to be a major player in the world marketplace. China is self sufficient and finale oriented. They are a country diverse in belief systems but this does not appear to affect the peoples sense of nationalism. China is a superpower that no country should overlook. The Chinese culture is unaccompanied based on the necessities of ancient Chinese culture. Which are food, c chewhing, housing, transportation and, education. These elements are the foundations that make up their society, tradition and beliefs.Their beliefs, not only help cast their economic climate, it also influenced their military. China has the longest period of continuous development of military culture of any civilization in world history. China also had one of the most powerful and advanced military for to th e highest degree 2000 years until the eighteenth century. One of the greatest influences of military thought was the take The Art of War by Sun Tzus. Of course a lot has changed since the 18th century. The Chinas modern military share some of the same values of U.S. military. The 3 main beliefs, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism still play a major role in their decision making process. However, similar to the U. S. political science plays a major role overall. If we were to come in contact with any Chinese forces we must remember what is sacred to them. While most of us place value on religion from a supernatural force. The Chinese listen and respect their elders for wisdom and guidance. Here is a graph that shows you the difference between Chinese cultures vs. American culture Chinese Americans belief Of the Self Collectivist Higher value placed on groupIndividualist Higher value placed on cooperation and individual modesty. self-reliance. Self-promotion is more accepted. High value placed on freedom from externally oblige constraints. Social Relationships Formal, hierarchical. People most Informal, egalitarian. People most comfortable in the presence of a hierarchycomfortable with their social equals in which they know their position and the importance of social rankings minimized. customs/rules for behavior in the situation. friendship Small numbers of close, lifelong friends Large collection of friends and who feel deep obligated to give each acquaintances which changes over time and other any(prenominal) help might seem required. involves only limited mutual obligations. arrangement Relationships with other people involve People avoid interdependent relationships bilateral obligations. and situations that might entail long-term obligations. Task vs. Relationship Relationship-oriented Maintaining a Task-oriented. Relationships are less Orientation harmonious relationship has priority over important than getting the wo rk done. accomplishing tasks. Harmony vs. Avoid direct confrontation, open impulsive to confront directly, criticize, Truth criticism, and controversial topics. discuss controversial topics, and press consult maintaining harmony and with personal opinions about what they consider face. the truth. Little concern with face. single-valued function of laws, rules, and More faith in personal relationships than Written rules presumably practise to everyone regulations in written rules and procedures for and are assumed to produce fair, reasonable structuring interactions. procedures and decisions. judgment of conviction Consciousness Relatively more attention to the past and Less arouse in the past eye on to the longer-term future. near-term future. Ascribed vs.Achieved Traditionally, a persons status in the Peoples status is based mainly on their Status society was based importantly on inheritedown achievements, including education characteristics such as age, g ender, and obtained and level of success agnize in family. This is changing. their line of work. In order for America to be victorious we must consider our differences and find a common ground. Knowing that in that respect is a cultural gap can and will affect unit of measurement operations but we can and will be successful if we understand that we do not live in this world alone.

Minor members of the solar system

Asteroids ar small rocky bodies that have been likened to fast-flying mountains. The largest, Ceres, is about 1000 kilometers in diameter, but most are completely about 1 kilometer across. The smallest angulates are assumed to be no larger than grains of sand. Most asteroids lie between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. They have orbital periods of three to six years. Some asteroids have very eccentric orbits and give way very close to the sun, and a few larger ones regularly spell close to Earth and the mope.Many of the most recent impact craters on the moon and Earth were probably caused by collisions with asteroids. Many asteroids have irregular shapes. Because of this, wandering(a) geologists first speculated that they might be fragments of a broken planet that one time orbited between Mars and Jupiter. Others have hypothe surfaced that several larger bodies once coexisted in close proximity, and their collisions produced numerous littler ones. The existence of several fa milies of asteroids has been used to turn out this explanation. COMETS Comets are the shining wanderers of the solar form.With their glowing ninnys that may crane 100 million kilometers through space. Most comets reside in the outside fringes of the solar system, far beyond Pluto. For all their apparent size in the sky, comets are actually fairly small objects. When a comet begins its trip piling past the Sun, it is probably a chunk of dirty ice, a diverseness of rock dust and ice a few kilometers across, much smaller than the typical observed asteroid. As it belt alongs towards the Sun, the heat from the Sun evaporates the ice, and the gases thus released sport dust particles outward from the solid body or nucleus.Radiation from the Sun ionizes the released atoms, producing a tail that glows in the sky like a neon star sign the dust particles reflect sunlight and form a nonher, smoother tail. But not all develop a tail that extends for millions of kilometers. The fact tha t the tail of a comet points away from the sun in a slightly curved room led early astronomers to propose that the sun has a repulsive pull back that pushes the particles of the coma away, thus forming the tail. The tails seem white to the eye, but change photography reveals that the ionized gas tail is blue and the dust tail yellow.The small nucleus, the only even almost-permanent part of a comet, is surrounded by the coma or head of the comet, a large, hazy structure organise by the liberated gas and dust. Of the 100 billion comets that may exist, less(prenominal) than 1000 have been observed thus far as they touch on the long Journey down to the heat of the Sun. Halleys is one of the best-known and brightest comets others are the Oort cloud which are comets that appear to be distributed in all directions trom the sun, torming a spherical shell around the solar system. METEOROIDS Often referred to as a shooting star.This streak of light occurs when a meteoroid enters the Ea rths aviation. A meteoroid is a small solid particle that travels through space. Most meteoroids stand up from any one of the following three sources (1) Interplanetary debris that was not gravitationally swept up by the planets during the formation of the solar system (2) Material from the asteroid belt, (3) The solid remains of comets that once traveled near Earths orbit. A few meteoroids are believed to be fragments of the moon, or possibly Mars, that were ejected when an asteroid impacted these bodies.Some meteoroids are as large as steroids. Most, however, are the size of sand grains. Consequently, they vaporize before reaching Earths surface. Those that do enter Earths atmosphere and burn up are called meteors. The light that we see is caused by clangoring between the particle and the air, which produces heat. Occasionally, meteor sightings can reach 60 or more per hour. These displays, called meteor showers, result when earth encounters a swarm of meteoroids travelling in the same direction and at nearly the same speed as Earth. A meteoroid that actually reaches Earths surface is called a meteorite.