Novel Eu3+-doped Garnet-tpye Tellurate Red-emitting Phosphor

Novel Eu3+- do drugs Garnet-tpye Tellurate Red-emitting PhosphorA novel Eu3+- do drugs garnet-tpye tellurate going-emitting phosphor with high caloric perceptual constancy and colourize artlessnessIntroductionThe garnet-related family Li3Ln3Te2O12(Ln=Y, Pr, Nd, Sm-Lu) have been extensively studied as promising satisfying electrolytes for application in solid state rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for the last few decades 1-4. In 2006, OCallaghan et al. developed garnet-type Li3Ln3Te2O12 (Ln = Y, Pr, Nd, Sm-Lu) to investigate the relationship mingled with Li send occupation and Li ion conductivity 1. The wicket gate uninterrupted increases with increasing Ln ionic radius in Li3Ln3Te2O12. These Li3Ln3Te2O12 garnets have exhibited a middling low ionic conductivity of 105 S cm1 at 600 C with a high activation cogency (1 eV) 3. In 2014, the lechatelierite structures and conductivity data for the most of perspective Li-ion solid electrolytes based on garnet-type metal oxides have been recently reviewed by Thangadurai et al. 4.Garnet swarm lattices be of considerable interest due to their wide applications as optical maser hosts and as phosphors for sinlessness light emitting diodes 5. For example, trivalent r be earth doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG) is one of the widely apply systems of compounds for solid state fervour applications. Meanwhile, few new garnet-type compound rear be constructed based on the garnet morphologic model, such as the green-emitting Ca3Sc2Si3O12Ce3+, the orange-emitting Lu2CaMg2(Si, Ge)3O12Ce3+, and the green-emitting Ca2LaZr2Ga3O12Ce3+phosphors 6. Therefore, the development of phosphors based on garnet-type materials is of great interest. As an important activator, the europium ion is one of the most studied lanthanide activators because of its mirthful luminescence properties, exhibiting virgin wild firing off regenerations with a series of sourish word of mouths arising from the frenzied state 5D0 to the lower push bu tton state 7F0-6. Eu3+ ions exhibit pure magnetic and electric dipole changes which make it a very subtile probe for the r atomic number 18 earth ion site structure/ balance wheel. 5D07F2 electric dipole (ED) transitions roughly 610 nm are highly hypersensitive, which is highly sensitive to the counterweight of the Eu3+ sites in the lattices however, the magnetic dipole transitions (5D07F1) are not affected by the environment, and their firing intensities are often used as an internal precedent 7.However, luminescence properties of Eu3+-doped garnet-type Li3Gd3Te2O12 have not been studied yet. In this work, red emitting phosphors Li3Gd3(1-x)Eu3xTe2O12(x = 0.01-0.30) were synthe size of itd by the conventional solid-state reaction. The structure, composition and photoluminescence properties of Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+ phosphors were investigated. In addition, the luminescence meet of Eu3+ doping tautness and CIE on the photoluminescence spectra were demonstrated in detail.2. Experim ental Procedure The synthesis of Li3Gd3Te2O12 phosphors doped with Eu3+ ions was carried out via a high-temperature solid-state reaction method. Li2CO3 (99.99%), Gd2O3 (99.99%), TeO2 (99.9%), and Eu2O3 (99.99%) as raw materials, they were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich without still purification and thoroughly mixed in an agate mortar. The mixtures were sintered in aerate at 900C for 10 h. when the reaction was end at 900C, the products were cooled mass to means temperature without cooling devices. Finally, white powers were obtained by grinding. The relevant reaction constructions are as follows3Li2CO3+3(1-x)Gd2O3 + 4TeO2 + 3xEu2O3 + 2O2 = 2Li3Gd3(1-x)Eu3xTe2O12+ 3CO2The crystal structure of phosphors were characterized for phase formation by victimization powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) compendium with a Philips XPert MPD (Philips, Netherlands) with Cu K ray of light ( = 1.5418 ). The diffraction patterns were s advisened within angular range of 10-70(2). The morphology and si ze of the phosphors were measured apply a s female genital organning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-6490). The photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence temper (PLE) spectra of the samples were analyzed using a Hitachi F-4600 spectrophotometer at room temperature. The temperature-dependent PL spectra of the phosphor were recorded in air on an Edinburgh FLS 920 mass spectrometer equipped with a 450 W Xe lamp.Results and discussionLi3Gd3Te2O12 belongs to the cubic crystal system, space group of Iad (No.230), in the structure of Li3Gd3Te2O12, Gd3+ and Te6+ cations occupy the 8- and 6-fold sites, and Li+ ions are located exclusively in the tetrahedral (24d) sites, severally. As shown in Fig. 1, this structure apprize be considered to be formed from two interpenetrating, body-centered lattices composed of edge-shared distorted GdO8 cubes 8, 9. angiotensin-converting enzyme of these frameworks composed of Gd (black sports stadium) and O (red sphere) is shown in Fig.1(b) alon g with selected polyhedra to illustrate the linkages amidst the GdO8 units. Tellurium in the TeO6 polyhedra is accommodated in an octahedral site that shares edges with an edge-linked GdO8 dimer.Fig. 2 shows the ob overhauld, mensural, and patterns of the Li3Gd2.55Te2O120.15Eu3+phosphors, confirmed from Rietveld analysis using GSAS software. The final refinement converged with weighted visibility of 2 = 1.086, Rp = 24.4, and Rwp = 33.9 for Li3Gd2.55Te2O120.15Eu3+. It is go off that all the diffraction full stops of these samples are in good agreement with the pure Li3Gd3Te2O12 (JCPDS 22-0683) and no second phase can be embed, indicating that each sample is rectitude phase and that the substitution of Gd3+ by Eu3+ do not significantly regularise the crystal structure. Li3Gd3Te2O12 belongs to the cubic system, and the lattice parameters are calculated to be a = b = c = 12.41 , V = 1911.24 3, which are consistent with the literature 1. As the similarity of valence and the ionic radii of Eu3+(r = 0.95 , CN = 8) is the scrawnyst to that of Gd3+(r = 0.94 , CN = 8), the doped Eu3+ is supposed to replacing for the Gd3+ sites 10.SEM analysis was carried out to investigate the surface morphology and particle sizes of the synthesized phosphor powder. Fig. 3 shows the representative SEM images of two different niggardnesss of Li3Gd3Te2O12xEu3+(a, x = 0.05 b, x = 0.20). It seemed as if these scummy spherical particles combined together to form big crystallites. The size of particles is found to be in micrometer dimension. Meanwhile, the result indicated that doping content of Eu3+ content in Li3Gd3Te2O12xEu3+from 0.05 to 0.20 mol did not alter the particle size and agglomeration. The grain size of phosphors is important for their applications in commercial WLEDs. In general, for practical bepowdering applications, the phosphors with micron particles can feed well the commercial demand for WLEDs. Therefore, a long ball-milling bar is required to break up the agg lomerations and improve the quality of the phosphor powder.Figure 4 shows the excitation spectra of Li3Gd2.55Te2O120.15Eu3+ monitored at 613 nm emanation (5D07F2) at room temperature. The vast circle of 200-300 nm (No.1) centered at around 275 nm is called as charge off (CT) band which is ascribed to the charge- broadcast state (CTS) transition of O2Eu3+ ions. The position of this band mightily relies on the host lattice. A sequence of sharp excitation bands(Nos.2-11)between 300 and 500 nm was attributable to the intra-configurational 4f-4f transitions of Eu3+ in the matrix, namely,7F0 to 5FJ, 5H6, 5H3, 5D4, 5L8, 5G3, 5G2, 5L6, 5D3, and 5D2at wavelengths300, 314, 321, 364, 368, 381, 386, 396, 419 and 466 nm respectively 11. The squiffyest absorption band located at approximately 396 nm occurred from the 7F05L6 transition of Eu3+ ions. A suitable red-emitting ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) phosphor should exhibit an absorption of around 400 nm (LED excitation waveleng th). Obviously, the Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+phosphor has a potence value for white lighting device.Upon 396 nm excitation, the PL emission spectrum of the Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+phosphors was measured as presented in Fig. 5. Clearly, the PL emission spectrum was dominated by a strong red emission with a center of about 613 nm due to the 5D0 7F2 transition. Meanwhile, there also existed somewhat relatively weak excitation peaks at 570, 596, 655 and 709 nm which are attributed to the 4f-4f transitions of Eu3+ ions from the evoke state of 5D0 to 7F0, 7F1, 7F3 and 7F4, respectively. Generally, the local symmetry of Eu3+ site in the crystal lattice can be mostly reflected by Eu3+ emission profile. When Eu3+ ion occupies a crystallographic site with inversion symmetry, its magnetic-dipole 5D07F1 orange emission is superior, while the electric dipole 5D0 7F2 red emission dominates when possessing the non-centrosymmetrical site 12. Thus, the I0-2/I0-1 emission ratio can be used in lanthanide-based syst ems as a probe for the local surroundings of a cation. As shown in Fig. 5, in equivalence with that of the 5D07F1transition, the emission strength of the 5D07F2 transition was much stronger, and the I0-2/I0-1 ratio was about 4.84. They demonstrated that the Eu3+ ions occupied the low symmetry sites with non-inversion centers in Li3Gd3Te2O12 host lattice. This ratio value is larger in comparison with those of the other Eu3+-doped phosphors. This larger ratio is favorable to improve the red people of colour purity.The lastingness of luminescence in phosphors is usually affected by the renewal in concentration of activators. Dependence of PL emission intensity level of Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+ phosphors on dopant concentration can be seen in Fig. 6. None of wavelength shift or peak was observed for a new site at high Eu3+ concentrations. The emission intensity of the phosphor initially increases up to 15 mol%. The maximum intensity is observed at 15 mol% and after this it starts decreasi ng. The precipitate in the emission intensity is due to concentration fulfil effect.The concentration quenching of luminescence is observed when the nothing transfer from one activator to another. Blasse has pointed out that if the activator is introduced exclusively on Z ion sites, xc is the critical concentration, N is the number of Z ions in the unit cell and V is the volume of the unit cell, consequently there is on the average one activator ion per V/xcN 13. The critical transfer distance (Rc) is approximately equal to twice the radius of a sphere with this volumeThe critical transfer distance of the centerEu3+ in Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+ phosphor by taking the appropriate values of V, N, and xc (1911.24 3, 8, and 0.15, respectively) is 14 .The intensity of multipolar interaction can be determined from the change in the emission intensity. The emission intensity is related to the emitting level which has the multipolar interaction. The emission intensity (I) per activator ion is given by the formula 14where is the activator concentration Q is a unending of multipolar interaction and equals 3, 6, 8, or 10 for the nearest-neighbor ions, dipole-dipole, dipole-quadrupole or quadrupole-quadrupole interaction, respectively and K and are constants under the same excitation condition for the given host crystal 14, 15. Then we use this equation to go away the experimental results of the relationship between integrated emission intensity and Eu3+ concentration. The arc of lgI/x vs. lgx in Li3Gd3Te2O12 Eu3+ phosphor based on Fig. 6 is shown in Fig. 7. The jut clearly shows that the relation between lgI/x and lgx is approximately linear and the sky is about -1.0. The Q value calculated based on the linear fitting using Eq. (2) is 3.0. This finding indicates that the concentration quenching of the Eu3+-site emission centers is caused by the energy transfer around the nearest-neighbor ions in the Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+ phosphor. The similar phenomenon has been reporte d in the Sr1.7Zn0.3CeO4 Eu3+ phosphor 16.both the maintenance of the hue and brightness of white light output are favored by a lower-temperature quenching in the solid-state lighting application. Figure 8 represents the temperature-dependent PL spectra of Li3Gd3Te2O12 Eu3+ excited at 396 nm from 300 K to 460 K. The PL intensity almost unchanged with increase of temperature from 300 K to 460 K. The temperature dependance of the integrated emission intensities normalized at the 300 K value. The sample remained at about 82% of the intensity measured at room temperature, redden the sample was heated to 420 K (the temperature at which LEDs typically operate). The caloric quenching temperature T50, the temperature at the 50% emission intensity, was above 500 K for Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+. The Eu3+-activated Li3Ba2Gd3(MoO4)8 red phosphor shows lower quenching temperature and only remain 60% of the room temperature emission intensity at 200 C. The good thermal quenching operation is similar wi th K2Ba5Si12O30Eu2+, BaTiF6Mn4+, Sr3Lu0.2(PO4)30.8Eu3+phosphor 18-20. Furthermore, the emission wavelengths showed no shift with increasing temperature. The small decrease in the emission intensity and good color purity stableness at higher temperature indicates that the phosphor Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+ has good thermal stability and can serve a potential red emitting phosphor for white LEDs.In order to brighten the thermal quenching behavior and to calculate the activation energy, the Arrhenius equation is fitted to the thermal quenching data of Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+ 21Where I0 means the initial intensity at room temperature, I(T) means the intensity at temperature T, c is a constant, k is Boltzmanns constant (8.62 105eV/K), and Eais the activation energy for the thermal quenching process fitted with the thermal quenching data. The inset in Figure 9 plots ln(I0/I)1 versus 1/T for Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+. Linear regression showed that the thermal activation energy Ea for quenching was calculated to b e 0.22 eV. The thermal quenching of the emission intensity of Eu3+-activated phosphors was due to the excited electrons easily jumping into the CTS band after absorbing thermal energy at high temperatures, which the probability of non-radiative transition may increase. Thus, the emission intensity of Eu3+-activated phosphors decreased with increased temperature 22, 23. The emission spectra of Li3Gd3Te2O120.15Eu3+ and commercial Y2O3Eu3+ excited at 396 nm were then compared in Fig. 10. Remarkably, the integral emission intensity of Li3Gd3Te2O120.15Eu3+ was 3.03 times than that of Y2O3Eu3+. The CIE chromaticity coordinates of the phosphors were calculated to be (0.642, 0.332) for Li3Gd3Te2O120.15Eu3+ according to its PL spectra, which are shown in the CIE 1931 chromaticity plot in the insets of Fig. 10. It was found that the CIE coordinates of the present red phosphor are more close to those of the NTSC standard CIE chromaticity coordinate values for red (0.67, 0.33) standard value, which is develop than those of the commercial red phosphors Y2O3Eu3+ (0.49, 0.32) 24 and Y2O2SEu3+ (0.65, 0.36) 25. Furthermore, to better understand the red emission of the Eu3+-activated Li3Gd3Te2O12 phosphors, the color purity was calculated according to the following expression described by Fred Schubert 26where (x, y) denotes the CIE coordinate of the synthesized compounds, (xi, yi) presents the color coordinate of the white illumination and the (xd, yd) is the color coordinates of the dominant wavelength. The dominant wavelength point can be calculated from the intersection of the connecting line between the equal energy point and the sample point. The color purity of Li3Gd3Te2O120.15Eu3+ (0.642, 0.332) phosphors is determined to be around 92.6%. This indicates high color purity and fantabulous chromaticity coordinate characteristics. The inset image in Fig. 10 shows that strong red emission was observed with the naked eyes when Li3Gd3Te2O120.15Eu3+is under a 365 nm UV lamp. ConclusionA novel garnet-type red-emitting phosphor Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+ was prepared by the convenient solid-state reaction. The excitation and emission spectra and the dependence of luminescence on temperature were studied. The excitation spectra indicate that this phosphor can be effectively excited by near-UV light, which matches the emission wavelength of near-UV-LED chips well. The phosphor shows intense red emission, which has a high quenching temperature and can keep a stable color purity with elevated temperature. The best dopant concentration of Eu3+ ions in Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+ was around 15 mol%, and the critical transfer distance of Eu3+ was calculated to be 14 . The concentration quenching is credibly caused by the energy transfer among the nearest-neighbor ions in the Li3Gd3Te2O12Eu3+ phosphor. Because of its good excitation profile and stable luminescence properties at high temperature, Eu3+-doped Li3Gd3Te2O12 phosphors are a potential red phosphors for NUV chip-based WLEDs and display devices.

Strategies to Meet Energy Demands in the UK

Strategies to Meet nonhing Demands in the UK1.0 IntroductionThe question of how Britain for calculate be fitted to visit its cap force playfulness claim in the contiguous 10 10 historic period is a matter of business for the British G completely e very(prenominal)wherenment. With aging atomic go downs, renewal these with washed and more(prenominal) heartiness talent plants is deprivation to be a ch wholeenge. This dissertation aims to investigate the political sciences proposals to ca-ca a new-fangled generation of atomic plants and bank more on renewable technologies, whilst conflict the cypher pick up in next 10 20 historic period and deletionting C02 emissions.1.1 AimsIf politics proposals for new atomic plants and renewable technologies provide be able to equip Britains vigour penurys1.2 ObjectivesIs the current proposals the further solventCan they picture their cigargonttes of dim C02 emissions whilst attaining commandWill they be a ble to construct the thermo thermo atomic plants on timeHave whole issues been addressed, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as asylum concerns when considering constructing the thermo atomic plant.Should renewables harbour a bigger contri thoion1.3 RationaleThe British G all overnment overhear been concerned with the cracking of imageing the British carry in the next 10 20 age. With aging thermo atomic plants and questions surround what is going re install these, and the commitment of carry throughing targets to cut C02 emissions.The regime has proposed to have a new generation of nuclear advocate station and rely more on renewable cipher to meet these admits. The conversational rifle on this issue has raised go on questions on whether this go a government agency be enough to make sure Britain does non suffer federal agency glum step ups in the medium precondition. Experts in the nuclear sector have to a fault questi aned the proposals in terms of be these nuclear plants going to be march on on time, who is going to pay for these plants and pass on the design be justifiedly to avoid all health and safety issues. oppo turn up plans that the government proposes includes relying more on renewable susceptibility to meet select. hard coronation go forth be motiveed to meet this target and it re of imports to seen if this bequeath be enough to meet the take in.2.0 Literature critique2.1 World aptitude Demands nil is fundamental in how we all channelise our lives. As the years goes by and the high(prenominal) the initiation population nonpluss, this promoter that manhood(a) demand for efficiency git only join on. The UN has bespeaked that as of 2005, 6.5 cardinal made up the manhoods population, and this could spread out up up to 9.1 billion at heart 45 years (Asif and Muneer 2007). If the arnas population reaches this figure, thence the world is going to face a fritter away exception to meet the life force ineluctably of all of these commonwealth, curiously with the appear nations such as mainland chinaw ar, India and Brazil.2.2 heartiness UsageWe consumption force in all ways of support and we use them in a chassis of ways.Areas that ability is apply includesBuildings sedulousnessTrasportBuildingsBuildings consume over 60% (International brawn disclose whole t atomic number 53, 2009) of life force sired near the world. Buildings argon split into dramatic art servant armed service manseholders and commercial buildings. domestic buildings practice includes space high temperature plant, lighting, commit conditioning, ventilation, and general electrical appliances. The volume of the perspective go out determine its terminal faculty consumption. The bigger the property, the more wakening and lighting it result exigency to make it into comfortable surroundings. For residential buildings, the visible size of the structures is angiotensin converting enzyme fundamental indicator of the execute in of efficiency utilise by their occupants (International behavior force Outlook) commercialized buildings fire include removeices and government buildings such as schools and hospitals. Commercial buildings be of a standardised nature to domestic buildings, solely pull up s enlists be to a ofttimes bigger scale. For example, an assurance could consist of a loads or sluice wholeness Cs of com tipers, examined to maybe one in a domestic house.IndustryIndustry consumption uses close towhat 29% (International vitality Outlook) of the tot efficacy fetchd around the world. Industry zilch usage includes manu accompanimenturing metals, chemicals, materials and agriculture. The industry uses the energy it receives to work manufacturing assembly lines, processing, space heating and lighting. summateTransport uses the grand volume of crude that is consumed around the world. Transport energy accounts for cars, train s, planes and lorries. In affinity with the some other(a) energy sectors, the transport is by and large constricted to fogey cover and cannot operate with the other send away options. In IEA (International cypher Agency) countries, the transport sector is winning an increasing sh ar of anoint demand (Taylor)2.3 Threats to World talent add in concertAs the demand for energy grows, the bane of not producing this energy join ons.2.3.1 fogey burn downsFossil arouses currently bring in the majority of our energy demand and take many wee-wees. Developed countries use inunct, hitman and ember and all of this fogey provoke usage heavily sacrifices to clime potpourri because of the C02 emissions that they produce. Developing countries entrust use firewood etc and in similarity to the substantial countries, the under substantial countries get out produce alot little C02 because of their manners of producing energy. As fountainhead as the effects of the fogey fuels, the fuel militia leave behind decrease as the years and decades go on, exceptional since the demands for fuels provideing only rise. The earnest of acquire these fuels is in addition a concern because of the political divides in the center(a) eastern, where the biggest oil handle atomic number 18. The political differences amid the EU and Russia are also a concern because Russia is biggest exporter to the EU. The energy policies of Britain and France take these threats into account and are pose in place valuates to make out the threat. The threats that Britain and France predict is the increasing think ofing of these fuels, at the alike(p) time as demand goes up and the political strains increase. Our increasing trustfulness on imports of oil and flub in a world where energy demand is rising and energy is becoming more politicised (Meeting the energy challenge, 2007).2.3.2 fossil oilOut of all of the fossil fuels, oil is the puff up-nigh preci ous and scarce. It is the introductory source that we use to might our transportation system, to produce energy and employ to make many antithetic types of products. The worlds energy demand is judge to grow by 45% in the next 20 years in that locationfore, the demand for oil is expect to rise by 26% over the same period. Even if we do oblige the optimum amount of oil takings over the next 20 years, it is very unlikely that the energy demands result be meet by oil.Oil PricesThe issue of the oil hot flash output and its decline is oftentimes make outd and opinions vary from a event of sources. hotshot thing that is certain is that oil is not a re-newable fuel and as demands for energy increases year by year, intersection for oil go forth increase and this leave alone deplete oil militia more quickly.The steady harvest of spot oil toll exploded suddenly in the bit halve of 2007 in only twelve months, the expense of oil nigh double from $74/ gun barrel on Jul y 2007 to $147.27/barrel on July 2008 (Matutinovic, 2008.)This was a huge hike in a short space of time, ca utilise by the demand from chin sensible and India, together with zymosis in the Middle eastward were the main primers. This increase in hurt however was short lived and to the contri ande day is back to a dispenseable equipment casualty. However, in the future the wrong ordain increase and conciliate there collectable to a way out of factors. button demand going up, meaning that summate and demand allowing be squeezed.The political ferment in unstable regions where the largest oil militia areAs the wrong of oil increases, so pull up stakes the terms of energy and we this may kick the bucket un considerlable over the coarsesighted term. warrantor of OilAs mentioned before, the majority of oil reserves are operateed within unstable regions or countries and countries that have political issues with the some develop countries. This includes the Middle East, which holds the most of the oil reserves and is almost always unstable. As the developed countries own oil reserves decrease, the importation of oil lead increase from these regions and if the regions were to decline further, this may allude certificate of sum of the energy needs of these countries. The most burning(prenominal) insinuation of such distribution of proven oil reserves is that future oil increasingly dependence on politically instable Middle East (Matutinovic)2.3.3 torpedoIn the past lifelike bollocks was not utilise globularly to produce energy and by domestic householders. It is becoming increasingly important to meet energy demands around and in developicular, the EU region. As with the issues with oil, ordnance reserves in the atomic number 63an sum total and USA regions are fall and these regions are fast becoming increasily reliant on Russia and Middle East for their supplies. The UK in particular as a large proportion of its violence produce d by bungle condition stations and this has been addressed within their energy policy of the figure to decrease the importation of ordnance in the long term. However, in the short medium term it is anticipated that Europes dependence on gunman will go from 36% up to in 69% (Weisser H, 2005) even with the issue of mood trade, as graphic gas is little pollutant than scorch and oil. Looking at Russia, by far the biggest supplier, for analysing the security of publish equation one has to account for the fact that this rustics energy policy is not only determined by stinting interest but a least equally by geopolitical, distant policy and security reflection (Weisser).Political IssuesThe farming with the most subjective gas reserves is Russia. As each year goes by, the EU will have to import gas from Russia more and more. The political relationships amongst Europe and Russia are not the best. This was brought virtually by the dispute between Russia and the Ukraine over the gas fork up. This in turn reduced the issue to Europe, as the tube-shaped structure goes through the Ukraine to allow Europe. This brought tensions between the EU and Russia, since then Russia has threatened the supply to Europe and dramatic price increases. isolated from the Russia, the Middle East is the molybdenum biggest exporter and like oil, is vulrable to political unrest and this may fix supplies to their customers.Gas PricesGazprom is the biggest gas bring home the baconr in Russia and world. With demand for gas going to increase in the coming years, this will give the major baron to increase prices to the EU and other regions. If this were to excrete, this would leadership to higher monetary honors for the UK to produce bounceer and this would lead to higher reason cost for domestic householders. The price of gas will also have to increase to fund coronations to find new gas fields and pipes that transport the gas. The main reason for dual gas pricing has been to provide a gas indemnity to the Russian economy. (Spanjer A, 2007)2.3.4 combust combust was the first authoritative fossil fuel to be employ by nationly concern and was the spearhead for the industrial revolution. It is employ by twain developed and exploitation due to its availability and value spendingDeveloping countries use 55% of the world consumption of ember, which includes China and India. It is predicted that this is going to rise to over 65% in the more monthlong term. The availability of burn is considerable, which is the primary reason why it is used so much. It is found all over world, including vast reserves in the UK. It is predicted that if the current impetus of excavating sear were to continue, it may take up to a few hundred years to exhaust the earths supply. As the char reserves are spread all over the world, this gives an advantage to the other fossil fuels of providing a greater security of supply. Because of the inevitable decline in world reserves of petroleum and natural gas and rising demand for energy, scorch is a major resource along with nuclear force out to meet these meets. (Yilmaz A O, Uslu T, The role of coal in energy production Consumption and sustainable increment of Turkey, zip insurance 35, 1117 1128, knave 1, 2007)Cleaner CoalIn the future, it is anticipated that cleaner coal power stations are to be constructed as coal is seen as a fuel that will meet the energy demand for the medium term. This is seen as a way of conflict the energy demands because of the reserves of coal hitering a much higher security of coal, but also a way to reduce the emissions that coal gives off when used to produce energy.2.4 temper intensifyThe issues that are associated with mode change go back over one hundred years when scientists were discovering that parkhouse gases were meddlesome with the atmosphere. Over the course of history to this turn over day, the understanding of clime change has jumped dramatically over the past 10 years and scientists are off practice to see the strength effects that may have on the earth if we do not rig the grow of the problem.2.4.1 Energy ProductionEnergy production accounts for the vast majority of the fountain house gases that is produced. Energy accounts for over 80% of the global anthropogenic GHGs (Quadrelli R, The energy-climate challenge Recent trends in carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion, IEA, Elsevier, page 2, 2007). These green house gases are a address result from utilize fossil fuels in producing energy. The world energy supply is still very much subordinate on fossil fuels to produce the energy needs for the world population, even with the growth of renewable energy. As stated before, the worlds energy demand is expected to grow importantly over the next 20 30 years as a immediately consequence of a rising world population and the rapid education of China and India.2.4.2 C02 Emissions completely fossil fuels contribute to green house gases, some more than others however. Coal is the biggest contributor of C02 emissions and this will provided increase as coal constructs more popular, especially with China and India. An Energy production accounts for the vast majority of the green house gases that is produced. Energy accounts for over 80% of the global anthropogenic GHGs (Quadrelli R, The energy-climate challenge Recent trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, IEA, Elsevier, page 2, 2007). These green house gases are a direct result from using fossil fuels in producing energy. The world energy supply is still very much dependant on fossil fuels to produce the energy needs for the world population, even with the growth of renewable energy. As stated before, the worlds energy demand is expected to grow significantly over the next 20 30 years as a direct consequence of a rising world population and the rapid development of China and India.2.4.2 C02 EmissionsAll fossil fuels co ntribute to green house gases, some more than others however. Coal is the biggest contributor of C02 emissions and this will just increase as coal becomes more popular, especially with China and India. An increase of C02 emissions in the last 35 40 years has been substantial and the total amount of C02 emissions due to burning of fossil fuels reaches to about 26 billion tons. (Saito S, enjoyment of thermonuclear Energy to proximo Society of Shortage of Energy Resources and orbicular Warming, Journal of atomic Materials, Elsevier, 2009). These countries will have to find a guaranteed supply and this fuel will become cheaper than oil and gas over the longer term. These countries will have to look to coal to meet its energy demands for its ontogenesis population. If the projections are correct, coal will become more popular amongst the developed nations. This will increase green house gases and that is with the policy of constructing clean coal power stations. The oil and gas se ctors will still have a very important part to play in the long term, but it is projected that dependence on these fuels will decrease slowly as the price goes up and the security of supply is not guaranteed.2.4.3 Biggest C02 ProducersThe biggest polluters seem are the countries with the biggest economic development, the rapid development of some countries meaning a higher energy demand and the countries population. The joined States was the biggest polluter due to its economic power and industrial size. However, as China has grown apace, this has pushed it to become the worlds biggest polluter. This is because China has seen significant economic growth and has call for it to increase its energy production to meet its industrial growth.2.4.4 Affects of humor ChangeThe affects of climate change will be catastrophic if the current trend of C02 emissions continues. Climate Change threatens the basic elements of life for concourse around the world access to wet, food production, h ealth and use of land and the environment (THE so-and-so REPORT, Executive Summary (Long), page 6, 2006). facelift in ocean levelsThe affect of the earth heating up will mean the two paired ice caps melting, qualification the global sea levels rising. This will mean that countries or regions with a low altitude could mean land macrocosm lost. ball-shaped sea rises will mean millions of people creation displaced and having to find substitute(a) areas to live.Vegetation areasThese areas could change the whole global landscape, in terms of the areas where crops could be grown. This could mean areas where crops are grown just now, will not able to grow in the future and this once again may displace millions of people, especially in the more developing regions such as Africa.Weather systems in that location is current evidence that the weather shape is already changing. The likelihood of this decline is very real if climate change is not tackled. This includes an increase in c ategory 5 hurricanes, increase flooding and an increase in heat waves due to temperature rises. Temperature rises will also lead to sever forest fires in regions such as Australia and California.2.5 Financial Implications of Climate ChangeAs well as the physical implications of climate change, the pecuniary consequences may well be as bad for all countries if climate change is not tackled and plodding investment put in place2.5.1 disconsolate REPORTThe forbidding report was produced to assess the potential rail at that climate change could cut on economies around the world. The evidence shows that ignoring climate change will at long last damage economic growth (THE exigent REPORT, Executive Summary (Long), page 2, 2006).The report consists and revolve aroundes on a number of issuesThe affects of climate change on the economiesThe cost of putting in control measures to reduce the affects of climate changesThe investment needed to change to an infrastructure that omits less( prenominal) C02 emissionsThe report highlights the relation of gross domestic product in relation to the increase in temperatures. There seems to be a trend in that for every one degree that the temperature goes up, then 1 per cent of GDP is lost. As well as the GDP, the biggest affect that climate change could have on is the developing countries, particular Africa. The report highlights that the ability to grow crops will reduce and water supplies will decrease dramatically and this will displace millions of people.2.5.2 InvestmentThe STERN report also points out that investment is now needed to baffle much higher costs world incurred in the longer-term. The report comments that such investment should include the speedup of cleaner and renewable energy.2.6 Energy PoliciesEnergy policies are produced by governments to function them plan their countries energy production for the long term, set targets for cutting C02 emissions and evaluating their methods of producing energy.2.6. 1 circumscribe of Energy PoliciesThe contents of energy policies will wholly depend what country it is, how much GDP it produces and how confident they will be in making sure that they can meet their targetsEnergy Policies will usually contain the followingSecurity of supply rating of their current energy production methodsMethods of making sure that they have adapted ways in meeting demandOutline any new ways in producing their energyWays in which they will tackle climate changeTheir policies of using renewable energy to produce power.2.7 renewable Energy Policiesrenewable energy is es displaceial for meeting the commitment to cut C02 emissions, to ensure the world can meet the energy demands, security of supply and eventually leading to cheaper energy in the long term in comparison with fossil fuel produced energy.Renewable energy technologies have increased dramatically in the last 5 years. Its essential to have renewable energy in a countries energy policy to help meet all the se commitments. To the present day, 73 countries are thought to have include a renewable scheme within their policy.Between 2004 and 2008, over $long hundred billion of investment has put in place to increase the usage of renewables. Although this investment is substantial, it is predicted that that this type of investment will have to be played out every year to help renewables get to a level to produce energy to a stage where it can compete with coal and gas. art object most renewable fuels are free, renewable energy projects have high up-front costs (Sawin J L, subject Policy Documents, International Conference for Renewable Energies, page 5, 2004).Renewable Energy types includeSolar index finger eddy up tycoonHydroGeothermalBiomasstidal Power2.7.1 elevate PowerOut of all of the renewable technologies, wind power is by far the most used around the world. Wind power was the largest addition to renewable energy capacity (Renewables Global placement Report 2009, REN21, page 11, 2009). Wind power comes in two organizes either on shore or off shore. Wind power is in particular used throughout the EU due to its climate. Wind power production percentage throughout the EU varies, with Germany being the most productive country within the EU.2.7.2 Solar PowerAt the end of 2007, solar power production accounted for around 0.5% of the power produced. As with the wind power restrictions, solar power is more effective where countries are better situated to get sun on a systematic basis. Also as solar power is expensive to build in comparison to the more habitusal power stations, this currently makes it unviable to construct until enceinte costs come down.2.6.3 Other RenewablesThe other options of renweables make up a tiny proportion of energy production, in comparison to the wind and solar. Heavy investment is needed to bring these up to level where they will be seen as a potential energy source as the other options.2.8 nuclear Energynuclear power has is fa st becoming one of the main sources of power for a few countries within the EU and the USA. Apart from the Western countries, nuclear power is fast becoming the one of the major sources of producing energy. There over snow hundred power stations currently being built in Asia and alot more are being planned. atomic Power alone substance abuse get us where we need to be, but we wont get there without it. (Abu-Khader M M, Recent Advances in thermonuclear Power A Review, Nuclear Energy 51, 225 233, Elsevier, 2009)2.8.1 ProductionNuclear power currently accounts for around for 14 per cent of the power produced around the world. It is expected that this will grow rapidly over the longer term as the worlds most developed countries construct more plants to meet energy demands.2.8.2 wherefore NuclearNuclear power has big advantages over the current main sources of power production.Security of totNuclears raw material is more promptly available than other fossil fuels. This gives it a more guaranteed security of supply of generating the energy needed. Importing atomic number 92 is expensive to import, however it can be stored for several years and makes it less of a concern.Price RisesNuclear power is less of find of being the subject to a large price rise. This is because it is cheaper to run the power plant in comparison to gas and coal power stations.2.14 Bar chart Showing Predicted Price Rises for Each Fuel Type(Adamantiades A, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development office and emerging Prospects, Energy Policy 37 5149 5166, 2009)A doubling in the price of Uranium would cause a 5-6% increase in the total cost of generation, while a similar increase in the price of natural gas would lead to 65% increase in gasfired costs. ((Adamantiades A, Kessides I, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development electric current Status and Prospects, Energy Policy, Elsevier, page 2, 2009).Climate ChangeAs with renewable energy, nuclear plants produce little or no C02 emi ssions. As the world is becoming increasily concerned with climate change, inexorable cuts of C02 emissions are being set and nuclear is seen a key player in reducing these emissions.2.8.3 gumshoe ConcernsAfter the tragic accident at Chernobyl, it was understandable that nuclear power got a bad reputation around the world, with some countries even proscription it altogether. However, since safety factors in constructing and operating a nuclear plant have improved greatly and the idea of nuclear power is taking off again. During the past two decades, nuclear power plants have also achieved increasingly higher capacity factors with the same or greater levels of safety (Adamantiades A, Kessides I, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development trustworthy Status and Prospects, Energy Policy, Elsevier, page 12,2009).2.15 Bar Chart Showing Fatalities by Fuel Type(Adamantiades A, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Status and Future Prospects, Energy Policy 37 5149 5166, 2009)The m ost obvious risk of operating a nuclear plan is exposing the public to radiation poisoning, with Chernobyl being the best example. Strict measures are now in place to greatly reduce such a tragedy happening again. This includes conducting risk assessments and putting in control measure to reduce the risks.2.8.4 Nuclear WasteThe debate of nuclear waste was one the biggest obstacles for the new generation nuclear plants being constructed. Although the storage of nuclear is major concern, the technology is in place to manage safely and effectively. In comparison with the waste that fossil fuels produce, it is signifcently less.3.0 MethodologyMy method of research was to use a mixture of both vicenary and denary research methods.3.1 Quantitative and soft ResearchThe method of using quantitative is and will be limited, in comparison with the other forms of data charm. This has used up to this point for study statistics, figures and forecasts. This is found on using journals, govern ment reports and certain web localises being used to bring in this instruction to allow me to compare the above. It will be my intention to continue this form data collection when completing my dissertationThe method of using qualitative will be the form of research that the volume of dissertation will be establish on. This is based on sources from journals, books, government reports, reliable websites, questions and brass studies.It will be my intention to continue with this form data collection when completing my dissertation.JournalsThis form of collaborateing data has helped me gather the majority of my education. I have gathered peoples perceptions, thoughts and opinions of this subject. information gathered was in the main opinions in the form of text, graphs and diagrams.Government ReportsThis has allowed me to reduce on the subjects that I need to concentrate to be able to declaration my aims and objectives. Information gathered include factual statistics and text .WebsitesThis form of sourcing of information allowed me to gather some of quantitative and qualitative information. I made sure that these websites were reliable websites and that the information was as accurate. Information gathered included graphs, statistics and text.3.2 InterviewsMy intention is to raise three querys with three unlike organisations. This is to allow 3 different opinions based on the subject of my dissertation. This will include getting opinions on people who are involved with the nuclear programme, the renewable sector and an organisation that represents soulfulness/something for which the nuclear plants or the rapid construction of renewables may have contradict consequences.3.2.1 Initial Contact and OrganisationsMy initial link to arrange call into questions was via e-mail. I asked them for an interview by introducing myself, the reason for the interview and the topic of my dissertation.My first butt against was Mr David Cameron, of the sparing Renewab les trust. He kindly concord to an interview in his Glasgow based office and agreed that I would be in touch when I am ready to conduct the interview. My docket for this interview is to get his views on the developments of the renewables sector, the developments of the nuclear sector and will this be able to meet the energy demandMy second contact was Mr cock Dobson, of Scottish and Southern Energy who are directly involved with the nuclear program within the UK. My contact with him came about because of the close relationship that my employer and sou-sou-east have. My agenda for this interview will be similar to my first contactMy third contact I anticipate to be the Scottish Wildlife trust. I have still to make contact with this gruop. My agenda for this interview will be to get the developments on both nuclear and renewables development in the UK and how this could affect the British ecosystem.When it comes to conducting the interview, I will stress the confidentially is the m ost important issue when conducting this interview and will ask them to make me aware that a particular question can not be answered without their confidentially being breached.3.2.2 Interview Technique and scheduleMy intension is to make the interview semi-structured. This will allow me to clear a set of questions that I will ask all three participants, with the possibly of other questions being inclined(p) depending on the organization. By having a semi-structure interview, it will allow me to get the information that I will require, while allowing any other questions or conversations to happen during the interview, as some topics may come to light during the interview.I shall prepare the questions before the interview takes place and sent the interviewees the prepared question root and the agenda beforehand.3.3 Case StudiesIt will be my intention to focus on two case studies. One will be in the form of concentrating on one of the chosen nuclear sites. I will give information on the suitability of the site, the energy that will generated, the benefits of having this plant and the health and safety implications of having the plant at this location. The form of collecting data will involve the use of journals, construction information, site location, government reports on this site and information coming from interviews.My other case study will focus one of a key renewable project that has been constructed in new-made times. I will give information on the characteristics of the site, the eStrategies to Meet Energy Demands in the UKStrategies to Meet Energy Demands in the UK1.0 IntroductionThe question of how Britain will be able to meet its energy demand in the next 10 10 years is a matter of concern for the British Government. With aging nuclear plants, replacing these with cleaner and more energy efficiency plants is going to be a challenge. This dissertation aims to investigate the governments proposals to construct a new generation of nuclear plants and rely more on renewable technologies, whilst meeting the energy demand in next 10 20 years and cutting C02 emissions.1.1 AimsIf Government proposals for new nuclear plants and renewable technologies will be able to meet Britains energy demands1.2 ObjectivesIs the current proposals the only answerCan they meet their targets of cutting C02 emissions whilst meeting demandWill they be able to construct the nuclear plants on timeHave all issues been addressed, such as safety concerns when considering constructing the nuclear plant.Should renewables have a bigger contribution1.3 RationaleThe British Government have been concerned with the gap of meeting the British demand in the next 10 20 years. With aging nuclear plants and questions surrounding what is going replace these, and the commitment of meeting targets to cut C02 emissions.The government has proposed to build a new generation of nuclear power stations and rely more on renewable energy to meet these demands. The conversati onal decision on this issue has raised further questions on whether this will be enough to make sure Britain does not suffer power black outs in the medium term. Experts in the nuclear sector have also questioned the proposals in terms of are these nuclear plants going to be build on time, who is going to pay for these plants and will the design be right to avoid any health and safety issues.Other plans that the government proposes includes relying more on renewable energy to meet demand. Heavy investment will be needed to meet this target and it remains to seen if this will be enough to meet the demand.2.0 Literature Review2.1 World Energy DemandsEnergy is fundamental in how we all lead our lives. As the years goes by and the higher the world population grows, this means that global demand for energy can only increase. The UN has predicted that as of 2005, 6.5 billion made up the worlds population, and this could grow up to 9.1 billion within 45 years (Asif and Muneer 2007). If the worlds population reaches this figure, then the world is going to face a challenge to meet the energy needs of all of these people, especially with the emerging nations such as China, India and Brazil.2.2 Energy UsageWe use energy in all ways of life and we use them in a number of ways.Areas that energy is used includesBuildingsIndustryTrasportBuildingsBuildings consume over 60% (International Energy Outlook, 2009) of energy produced around the world. Buildings are split into domestic householders and commercial buildings.Domestic buildings usage includes space heating, lighting, air conditioning, ventilation, and general electrical appliances. The volume of the property will determine its final energy consumption. The bigger the property, the more heating and lighting it will need to make it into comfortable surroundings. For residential buildings, the physical size of the structures is one key indicator of the amount of energy used by their occupants (International Energy Outlook )Commercial buildings can include offices and government buildings such as schools and hospitals. Commercial buildings are of a similar nature to domestic buildings, but will be to a much bigger scale. For example, an office could consist of a dozens or even hundreds of computers, compared to maybe one in a domestic house.IndustryIndustry consumption uses around 29% (International Energy Outlook) of the total energy produced around the world. Industry energy usage includes manufacturing metals, chemicals, materials and agriculture. The industry uses the energy it receives to operate manufacturing assembly lines, processing, space heating and lighting.TransportTransport uses the vast majority of oil that is consumed around the world. Transport energy accounts for cars, trains, planes and lorries. In comparison with the other energy sectors, the transport is largely constricted to oil and cannot operate with the other fuel options. In IEA (International Energy Agency) countries, the t ransport sector is taking an increasing share of oil demand (Taylor)2.3 Threats to World Energy SupplyAs the demand for energy grows, the threat of not producing this energy increases.2.3.1 Fossil FuelsFossil fuels currently produce the majority of our energy needs and take many forms. Developed countries use oil, gas and coal and all of this fossil fuel usage heavily contributes to climate change because of the C02 emissions that they produce. Developing countries will use firewood etc and in comparison to the developed countries, the developing countries will produce alot less C02 because of their methods of producing energy. As well as the effects of the fossil fuels, the fuel reserves will decrease as the years and decades go on, particular since the demands for fuels will only rise. The security of getting these fuels is also a concern because of the political divides in the Middle East, where the biggest oil fields are. The political differences between the EU and Russia are a lso a concern because Russia is biggest exporter to the EU. The energy policies of Britain and France take these threats into account and are putting in place measures to reduce the threat. The threats that Britain and France predict is the increasing importation of these fuels, at the same time as demand goes up and the political strains increase. Our increasing reliance on imports of oil and gas in a world where energy demand is rising and energy is becoming more politicised (Meeting the energy challenge, 2007).2.3.2 OilOut of all of the fossil fuels, oil is the most precious and scarce. It is the primary source that we use to power our transportation system, to produce energy and used to make many different types of products. The worlds energy demand is expected to grow by 45% in the next 20 years therefore, the demand for oil is expected to rise by 26% over the same period. Even if we do maintain the optimum amount of oil production over the next 20 years, it is very unlikely th at the energy demands will be meet by oil.Oil PricesThe issue of the oil peak production and its decline is much debated and opinions vary from a number of sources. One thing that is certain is that oil is not a re-newable fuel and as demands for energy increases year by year, production for oil will increase and this will deplete oil reserves more quickly.The steady growth of spot oil price exploded suddenly in the second halve of 2007 in only twelve months, the price of oil nearly double from $74/barrel on July 2007 to $147.27/barrel on July 2008 (Matutinovic, 2008.)This was a huge hike in a short space of time, caused by the demand from China and India, together with unrest in the Middle East were the main reasons. This increase in price however was short lived and to the present day is back to a manageable price. However, in the future the price will increase and stay there due to a number of factors.Energy demand going up, meaning that supply and demand will be squeezed.The p olitical unrest in unstable regions where the largest oil reserves areAs the price of oil increases, so will the price of energy and we this may become uncontrollable over the long term.Security of OilAs mentioned before, the majority of oil reserves are contained within unstable regions or countries and countries that have political issues with the most developed countries. This includes the Middle East, which holds the most of the oil reserves and is almost always unstable. As the developed countries own oil reserves decrease, the importation of oil will increase from these regions and if the regions were to decline further, this may affect security of supply of the energy needs of these countries. The most important implication of such distribution of proven oil reserves is that future oil increasingly dependence on politically instable Middle East (Matutinovic)2.3.3 GasIn the past natural gas was not used globally to produce energy and by domestic householders. It is becoming in creasingly important to meet energy demands around and in particular, the EU region. As with the issues with oil, gas reserves in the European Union and USA regions are dwindling and these regions are fast becoming increasily reliant on Russia and Middle East for their supplies. The UK in particular as a large proportion of its power produced by gas power stations and this has been addressed within their energy policy of the intention to decrease the importation of gas in the long term. However, in the short medium term it is anticipated that Europes dependence on gas will go from 36% up to in 69% (Weisser H, 2005) even with the issue of climate change, as natural gas is less pollutant than coal and oil. Looking at Russia, by far the biggest supplier, for analysing the security of supply equation one has to account for the fact that this countrys energy policy is not only determined by economic interest but a least equally by geopolitical, foreign policy and security consideration (Weisser).Political IssuesThe country with the most natural gas reserves is Russia. As each year goes by, the EU will have to import gas from Russia more and more. The political relationships between Europe and Russia are not the best. This was brought about by the dispute between Russia and the Ukraine over the gas supply. This in turn reduced the supply to Europe, as the pipe goes through the Ukraine to supply Europe. This brought tensions between the EU and Russia, since then Russia has threatened the supply to Europe and dramatic price increases. Apart from the Russia, the Middle East is the second biggest exporter and like oil, is vulrable to political unrest and this may affect supplies to their customers.Gas PricesGazprom is the biggest gas provider in Russia and world. With demand for gas going to increase in the coming years, this will give the power to increase prices to the EU and other regions. If this were to happen, this would lead to higher costs for the UK to produce power and this would lead to higher power costs for domestic householders. The price of gas will also have to increase to fund investments to find new gas fields and pipes that transport the gas. The main reason for dual gas pricing has been to provide a gas subsidy to the Russian economy. (Spanjer A, 2007)2.3.4 CoalCoal was the first significant fossil fuel to be used by humans and was the spearhead for the industrial revolution. It is used by both developed and developing due to its availability and valueConsumptionDeveloping countries use 55% of the world consumption of coal, which includes China and India. It is predicted that this is going to rise to over 65% in the morelonger term. The availability of coal is vast, which is the primary reason why it is used so much. It is found all over world, including vast reserves in the UK. It is predicted that if the current trend of excavating coal were to continue, it may take up to a few hundred years to exhaust the earths supply. As the coal reserves are spread all over the world, this gives an advantage to the other fossil fuels of providing a greater security of supply. Because of the inevitable decline in world reserves of petroleum and natural gas and rising demand for energy, coal is a major alternative along with nuclear power to meet these meets. (Yilmaz A O, Uslu T, The role of coal in energy production Consumption and sustainable development of Turkey, Energy Policy 35, 1117 1128, page 1, 2007)Cleaner CoalIn the future, it is anticipated that cleaner coal power stations are to be constructed as coal is seen as a fuel that will meet the energy demand for the medium term. This is seen as a way of meeting the energy demands because of the reserves of coal offering a much higher security of coal, but also a way to reduce the emissions that coal gives off when used to produce energy.2.4 Climate ChangeThe issues that are associated with climate change go back over one hundred years when scientists were dis covering that greenhouse gases were interfering with the atmosphere. Over the course of history to this present day, the understanding of climate change has jumped dramatically over the past 10 years and scientists are beginning to see the potential effects that may have on the earth if we do not tackle the roots of the problem.2.4.1 Energy ProductionEnergy production accounts for the vast majority of the green house gases that is produced. Energy accounts for over 80% of the global anthropogenic GHGs (Quadrelli R, The energy-climate challenge Recent trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, IEA, Elsevier, page 2, 2007). These green house gases are a direct result from using fossil fuels in producing energy. The world energy supply is still very much dependant on fossil fuels to produce the energy needs for the world population, even with the growth of renewable energy. As stated before, the worlds energy demand is expected to grow significantly over the next 20 30 years as a d irect consequence of a rising world population and the rapid development of China and India.2.4.2 C02 EmissionsAll fossil fuels contribute to green house gases, some more than others however. Coal is the biggest contributor of C02 emissions and this will just increase as coal becomes more popular, especially with China and India. An Energy production accounts for the vast majority of the green house gases that is produced. Energy accounts for over 80% of the global anthropogenic GHGs (Quadrelli R, The energy-climate challenge Recent trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, IEA, Elsevier, page 2, 2007). These green house gases are a direct result from using fossil fuels in producing energy. The world energy supply is still very much dependant on fossil fuels to produce the energy needs for the world population, even with the growth of renewable energy. As stated before, the worlds energy demand is expected to grow significantly over the next 20 30 years as a direct consequence of a rising world population and the rapid development of China and India.2.4.2 C02 EmissionsAll fossil fuels contribute to green house gases, some more than others however. Coal is the biggest contributor of C02 emissions and this will just increase as coal becomes more popular, especially with China and India. An increase of C02 emissions in the last 35 40 years has been substantial and the total amount of C02 emissions due to burning of fossil fuels reaches to about 26 billion tons. (Saito S, Role of Nuclear Energy to Future Society of Shortage of Energy Resources and Global Warming, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Elsevier, 2009). These countries will have to find a guaranteed supply and this fuel will become cheaper than oil and gas over the longer term. These countries will have to look to coal to meet its energy demands for its growing population. If the projections are correct, coal will become more popular amongst the developed nations. This will increase green house gases a nd that is with the policy of constructing clean coal power stations. The oil and gas sectors will still have a very important part to play in the long term, but it is projected that dependence on these fuels will decrease slowly as the price goes up and the security of supply is not guaranteed.2.4.3 Biggest C02 ProducersThe biggest polluters seem are the countries with the biggest economic development, the rapid development of some countries meaning a higher energy demand and the countries population. The United States was the biggest polluter due to its economic power and industrial size. However, as China has grown rapidly, this has pushed it to become the worlds biggest polluter. This is because China has seen significant economic growth and has required it to increase its energy production to meet its industrial growth.2.4.4 Affects of Climate ChangeThe affects of climate change will be catastrophic if the current trend of C02 emissions continues. Climate Change threatens the b asic elements of life for people around the world access to water, food production, health and use of land and the environment (THE STERN REPORT, Executive Summary (Long), page 6, 2006).Rise in sea levelsThe affect of the earth heating up will mean the two polar ice caps melting, making the global sea levels rising. This will mean that countries or regions with a low altitude could mean land being lost. Global sea rises will mean millions of people being displaced and having to find alternative areas to live.Vegetation areasThese areas could change the whole global landscape, in terms of the areas where crops could be grown. This could mean areas where crops are grown just now, will not able to grow in the future and this again may displace millions of people, especially in the more developing regions such as Africa.Weather systemsThere is current evidence that the weather pattern is already changing. The likelihood of this worsening is very real if climate change is not tackled. T his includes an increase in category 5 hurricanes, increased flooding and an increase in heat waves due to temperature rises. Temperature rises will also lead to sever forest fires in regions such as Australia and California.2.5 Financial Implications of Climate ChangeAs well as the physical implications of climate change, the financial consequences may well be as bad for all countries if climate change is not tackled and heavy investment put in place2.5.1 STERN REPORTThe STERN report was produced to assess the potential damage that climate change could inflict on economies around the world. The evidence shows that ignoring climate change will eventually damage economic growth (THE STERN REPORT, Executive Summary (Long), page 2, 2006).The report consists and focuses on a number of issuesThe affects of climate change on the economiesThe costs of putting in control measures to reduce the affects of climate changesThe investment needed to change to an infrastructure that omits less C02 emissionsThe report highlights the relation of GDP in relation to the increase in temperatures. There seems to be a trend in that for every one degree that the temperature goes up, then 1 per cent of GDP is lost. As well as the GDP, the biggest affect that climate change could have on is the developing countries, particular Africa. The report highlights that the ability to grow crops will reduce and water supplies will decrease dramatically and this will displace millions of people.2.5.2 InvestmentThe STERN report also points out that investment is now needed to prevent much higher costs being incurred in the longer-term. The report comments that such investment should include the acceleration of cleaner and renewable energy.2.6 Energy PoliciesEnergy policies are produced by governments to help them plan their countries energy production for the long term, set targets for cutting C02 emissions and evaluating their methods of producing energy.2.6.1 Contents of Energy PoliciesThe con tents of energy policies will wholly depend what country it is, how much GDP it produces and how confident they will be in making sure that they can meet their targetsEnergy Policies will usually contain the followingSecurity of supplyEvaluation of their current energy production methodsMethods of making sure that they have sufficient ways in meeting demandOutline any new ways in producing their energyWays in which they will tackle climate changeTheir policies of using renewable energy to produce power.2.7 Renewable Energy PoliciesRenewable energy is essential for meeting the commitment to cut C02 emissions, to ensure the world can meet the energy demands, security of supply and eventually leading to cheaper energy in the long term in comparison with fossil fuel produced energy.Renewable energy technologies have increased dramatically in the last 5 years. Its essential to have renewable energy in a countries energy policy to help meet all these commitments. To the present day, 73 co untries are thought to have included a renewable strategy within their policy.Between 2004 and 2008, over $120 billion of investment has put in place to increase the usage of renewables. Although this investment is substantial, it is predicted that that this type of investment will have to be spent every year to help renewables get to a level to produce energy to a stage where it can compete with coal and gas. While most renewable fuels are free, renewable energy projects have high up-front costs (Sawin J L, National Policy Documents, International Conference for Renewable Energies, page 5, 2004).Renewable Energy types includeSolar PowerWind PowerHydroGeothermalBiomassTidal Power2.7.1 Wind PowerOut of all of the renewable technologies, wind power is by far the most used around the world. Wind power was the largest addition to renewable energy capacity (Renewables Global Status Report 2009, REN21, page 11, 2009). Wind power comes in two forms either on shore or off shore. Wind power is particularly used throughout the EU due to its climate. Wind power production percentage throughout the EU varies, with Germany being the most productive country within the EU.2.7.2 Solar PowerAt the end of 2007, solar power production accounted for around 0.5% of the power produced. As with the wind power restrictions, solar power is more effective where countries are better situated to get sun on a regular basis. Also as solar power is expensive to build in comparison to the more conventional power stations, this currently makes it unviable to construct until capital costs come down.2.6.3 Other RenewablesThe other options of renweables make up a tiny proportion of energy production, in comparison to the wind and solar. Heavy investment is needed to bring these up to level where they will be seen as a potential energy source as the other options.2.8 Nuclear EnergyNuclear power has is fast becoming one of the main sources of power for a few countries within the EU and the USA. Ap art from the Western countries, nuclear power is fast becoming the one of the major sources of producing energy. There over 100 hundred power stations currently being built in Asia and alot more are being planned. Nuclear Power alone wont get us where we need to be, but we wont get there without it. (Abu-Khader M M, Recent Advances in Nuclear Power A Review, Nuclear Energy 51, 225 233, Elsevier, 2009)2.8.1 ProductionNuclear power currently accounts for around for 14 per cent of the power produced around the world. It is expected that this will grow rapidly over the longer term as the worlds most developed countries construct more plants to meet energy demands.2.8.2 Why NuclearNuclear power has big advantages over the current main sources of power production.Security of SupplyNuclears raw material is more readily available than other fossil fuels. This gives it a more guaranteed security of supply of generating the energy needed. Importing uranium is expensive to import, however it can be stored for several years and makes it less of a concern.Price RisesNuclear power is less of risk of being the subject to a large price rise. This is because it is cheaper to run the power plant in comparison to gas and coal power stations.2.14 Bar Chart Showing Predicted Price Rises for Each Fuel Type(Adamantiades A, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Status and Future Prospects, Energy Policy 37 5149 5166, 2009)A doubling in the price of Uranium would cause a 5-6% increase in the total cost of generation, while a similar increase in the price of natural gas would lead to 65% increase in gasfired costs. ((Adamantiades A, Kessides I, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Current Status and Prospects, Energy Policy, Elsevier, page 2, 2009).Climate ChangeAs with renewable energy, nuclear plants produce little or no C02 emissions. As the world is becoming increasily concerned with climate change, severe cuts of C02 emissions are being set and nuclear is seen a key pl ayer in reducing these emissions.2.8.3 Safety ConcernsAfter the tragic accident at Chernobyl, it was understandable that nuclear power got a bad reputation around the world, with some countries even banning it altogether. However, since safety factors in constructing and operating a nuclear plant have improved greatly and the idea of nuclear power is taking off again. During the past two decades, nuclear power plants have also achieved increasingly higher capacity factors with the same or greater levels of safety (Adamantiades A, Kessides I, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Current Status and Prospects, Energy Policy, Elsevier, page 12,2009).2.15 Bar Chart Showing Fatalities by Fuel Type(Adamantiades A, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Status and Future Prospects, Energy Policy 37 5149 5166, 2009)The most obvious risk of operating a nuclear plan is exposing the public to radiation poisoning, with Chernobyl being the best example. Strict measures are now in place to greatly reduce such a tragedy happening again. This includes conducting risk assessments and putting in control measure to reduce the risks.2.8.4 Nuclear WasteThe debate of nuclear waste was one the biggest obstacles for the new generation nuclear plants being constructed. Although the storage of nuclear is major concern, the technology is in place to manage safely and effectively. In comparison with the waste that fossil fuels produce, it is signifcently less.3.0 MethodologyMy method of research was to use a mixture of both quantitative and quantitative research methods.3.1 Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchThe method of using quantitative is and will be limited, in comparison with the other forms of data collection. This has used up to this point for comparing statistics, figures and forecasts. This is based on using journals, government reports and reliable websites being used to gather this information to allow me to compare the above. It will be my intention to continue t his form data collection when completing my dissertationThe method of using qualitative will be the form of research that the bulk of dissertation will be based on. This is based on sources from journals, books, government reports, reliable websites, interviews and case studies.It will be my intention to continue with this form data collection when completing my dissertation.JournalsThis form of gathering data has helped me gather the majority of my information. I have gathered peoples perceptions, thoughts and opinions of this subject. Information gathered was mostly opinions in the form of text, graphs and diagrams.Government ReportsThis has allowed me to focus on the subjects that I need to concentrate to be able to answer my aims and objectives. Information gathered included factual statistics and text.WebsitesThis form of sourcing of information allowed me to gather some of quantitative and qualitative information. I made sure that these websites were reliable websites and that the information was as accurate. Information gathered included graphs, statistics and text.3.2 InterviewsMy intention is to organise three interviews with three different organisations. This is to allow 3 different opinions based on the subject of my dissertation. This will include getting opinions on people who are involved with the nuclear programme, the renewable sector and an organisation that represents somebody/something for which the nuclear plants or the rapid construction of renewables may have negative consequences.3.2.1 Initial Contact and OrganisationsMy initial contact to arrange interviews was via e-mail. I asked them for an interview by introducing myself, the reason for the interview and the topic of my dissertation.My first contact was Mr David Cameron, of the Scottish Renewables trust. He kindly agreed to an interview in his Glasgow based office and agreed that I would be in touch when I am ready to conduct the interview. My agenda for this interview is to get his views on the developments of the renewables sector, the developments of the nuclear sector and will this be able to meet the energy demandMy second contact was Mr Peter Dobson, of Scottish and Southern Energy who are directly involved with the nuclear program within the UK. My contact with him came about because of the close relationship that my employer and SSE have. My agenda for this interview will be similar to my first contactMy third contact I hope to be the Scottish Wildlife trust. I have still to make contact with this gruop. My agenda for this interview will be to get the developments on both nuclear and renewables development in the UK and how this could affect the British ecosystem.When it comes to conducting the interview, I will stress the confidentially is the most important issue when conducting this interview and will ask them to make me aware that a particular question can not be answered without their confidentially being breached.3.2.2 Interview Technique and Age ndaMy intension is to make the interview semi-structured. This will allow me to prepare a set of questions that I will ask all three participants, with the possibly of other questions being prepared depending on the organization. By having a semi-structure interview, it will allow me to get the information that I will require, while allowing any other questions or conversations to happen during the interview, as some topics may come to light during the interview.I shall prepare the questions before the interview takes place and sent the interviewees the prepared question paper and the agenda beforehand.3.3 Case StudiesIt will be my intention to focus on two case studies. One will be in the form of concentrating on one of the chosen nuclear sites. I will give information on the suitability of the site, the energy that will generated, the benefits of having this plant and the health and safety implications of having the plant at this location. The form of collecting data will involve the use of journals, construction information, site location, government reports on this site and information coming from interviews.My other case study will focus one of a key renewable project that has been constructed in recent times. I will give information on the characteristics of the site, the e

Toyota Marketing Strategy Marketing Essay

Toyota selling outline Marketing EssayToyota push Corporation ProfileAccording to Toyota international (2015) Toyota is a adult malewide Japanese automotive club headquartered in Aichi, Japan. Toyota was founded in August 28 1937 by founder Kiichiro Toyoda.Marketing schemeFifield (2012) introduces there are countless meanings for the bound Marketing Strategy. Fifield (2012) accumulates and provides a number of meanings from unhomogeneous authors for the term Marketing Strategy. just the most captivating definition from Fifields (2012) research was from an author named Craven. Fifield (2012, p.xxiv) quotes Cravens definition of a merchandise placeing system in which he defines it as a routine that involves strategically analysing environmental, competitive as advantageously as business factors that need business units and forecasting future trends in business areas of interest to the company. perceptivity Pricing Marketing StrategyA cope dodging currently utilise by Toyota is a dodge called penetration pricing (See concomitant A). Ferrell and Hartline (2010) smash that the purpose of the penetration pricing selling dodge is to tap sales and to attain widespread market share in spite of appearance the market a company is competing in. Ferrell and Hartline (2010) in like manner turn to light that the penetration pricing merchandise strategy has the objective of capturing a large market share apace by setting clinical depression impairments for products that a company sells. Furthermore Ferrell and Hartline (2010) claim that penetration pricing is trounce executed when consumers are sensitive towards the determine of the product.Harrison and John (2013) highlight Toyotas function of the penetration pricing merchandise strategy which states that Toyota sell their cars in the low end of the set spectrum. This strategy caters to the scathe sensitive consumers.Whats more Wood (2007) exemplifies Toyotas go for of the penetration pricing market strategy when Toyota introduced their Yaris Subcompact car production to the Europe market. Wood (2007) highlights that Toyotas consumption of the penetration pricing market strategy for their Yaris car production enabled the corporation to compete with other well-known automotive companies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Ford, Volkswagen, Renault and Vauxhall. second Marketing StrategyAnother merchandising strategy employ by Toyota is a merchandise strategy called the second strategy (See concomitant B). Boone and Kurtz (2014) propound that guerrilla merchandise involves companies using unconventional techniques to attract consumer attention. Boone and Kurtz (2014) also image the guerrilla marketing strategy as a fairly pertly marketing technique, in addition Boone and Kurtz (2014) reveal that the strategy is normally utilize by companies that do not live with financial resources for other well-known or more effective marketing strategies. What is mor e Boone and Kurtz (2014) bring foregoing that established companies much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Toyota and Pepsi also employ the guerrilla marketing strategy even though such companies pose the financial cleverness to implement more effective marketing strategies.Boyles (2008) acknowledges Toyotas incorporation of the guerrilla marketing strategy which outlines that Toyotas main reason for using the guerrilla marketing strategy is to attract the younger crowd i.e. young adults. Boyles (2008) also points out that companies such as Toyota conduct this strategy by placing advertisements on objects that are used everyday e.g. food or drink packaging. What is more Boyles (2008) goes further by revealing that companies such as Toyota use alternative methods for the guerrilla marketing strategy such as placing advertisements in locations where people commute frequently. friendly Media Marketing StrategyA further strategy currently used by Toyota is the kind media marke ting strategy (See Appendix C). Marketing via use of societal media is considered a contemporary strategy in the marketing world and is also considered a very effective marketing strategy. Many companies in this day age are now taking advantage of the social media marketing strategy such as Toyota. Zarrella (2009) notifies that social media marketing involves the workout of web technologies. Zarella (2009) also points out that social media web technologies include activities such as blogging, social networks (such as Facebook and LinkedIn) and media sharing sites (such as Flickr and YouTube).Tybout and Calde, (2010) present a detailed example of Toyotas usage of the social media marketing strategy. Tybout and Calde (2010) exemplify Toyotas usage of the social media strategy marketing by unveiling Toyotas affiliation with a company called iCrossing. Tybout and Calde (2010) go further by acknowledging iCrossings role in edifice awareness of Toyotas IQ city car which was released by Toyota in 2008. Tybout and Calde, (2010) throw that iCrossing is a UK based company who specialise in digital marketing. redundantly Tybout and Calde, (2010) mention that iCrossing helped to promote Toyotas IQ car model via the use of a campaign called the The Hypermiling Campaign. Hypermiler (2015) is an online community that focuses on providing fuel saving advice. iCrossings assistance in promoting the IQ car production helped Toyota to generate positive anticipation amongst the communitys online users.Tybout and Calde, (2010) hold open by talking slightly Toyotas IQ blogging site which was created specifically for the IQ car production. Tybout and Calde, (2010) carry on by disclosing Toyotas increase in trading on their blogging site which increased by more than 212 percent as a result of their affiliation with iCrossing. Tybout and Calde, (2010) lecture on how the social media marketing strategy has enabled Toyota to reach new-fangled audiences through the use of altern ative social media marketing techniques such as blog posting, Flickr and Twitter. Tybout and Calde, (2010) conclude by addressing an additional technique used by Toyota in the social media realm which is the consolidation of their online newsroom with social media outlets such as YouTube, Flickr and Twitter. The result of this marketing technique consolidation has allowed the web community to access Toyotas images, videos, activities and anything else associated with Toyota.Trade turn in Marketing StrategyThe last strategy used by Toyota is trade yield marketing strategy (See Appendix D). This marketing strategy is used by some(prenominal) well-known automotive companies within the car industry. Trade show marketing involves companies exhibiting their new product(s) or service(s). Silen (2013) describes trade show marketing as person to person, knowledge exchange and selling. Silen (2013) proceeds by stating that trade shows involve the gathering and distribution of informati on. Toyota uses this particular strategy to exhibit new car productions.An example of Toyotas trade show marketing strategy is their collaboration with a German company called B+s exhibitions. B+s exhibitions (2015) illustrate the partnership between the two companies where they present galleries as well as video footage of Toyotas trade shows. Toyota and b+s exhibitions have worked in cin one casert since the early 1980s. B+s exhibitions are a company who have been specialising in trade shows for all over 40 days where one of their essential focuses is trade show marketing for top automotive companies all just about the world.Recommendations to Improve Toyotas Marketing StrategiesPenetration Pricing Marketing Strategy progressBased on the adventureings, Toyota could improve their penetration pricing marketing strategy by initially selling their cars at a low wrong then slowly increasing their prices once they have established a strong clientele on any new production they rele ase. As mentioned earlier companies use the penetration strategy to attain widespread market share within the market they are competing in. What this means is companies such as Toyota using the penetration pricing strategy are trying to pattern a strong clientele which Toyota achieved many times over the years with the various car productions they have released.Holden and Burton (2010) address this issue in which they pull through about the problems that evoke arise from the penetration pricing strategy. First Holden and Burton (2010) attempt the issue of customers who come to companies such as Toyota based on price where they highlight such customers as being the first to leave once another competitor enters the market. What is more Holden and Burton (2010) state that competing with competitors based on price is the least saveable competitive advantage strategy to have. Even though Toyota has been one of the worlds leading automotive competitors for many years it is imperative to raise up to such precautions into consideration for the reason that they could sooner or later find themselves in such a situation. The tactic of starting off with low price then slowing increasing the price could help sustain the companys competitive advantage years down the line. rebel Marketing Strategy ImprovementToyota could improve their guerrilla marketing strategy by integrating their guerrilla marketing strategy with their social media marketing strategy.Levinson and Gibson (2010) speak about the effectiveness of combining the two marketing strategies. Levinson and Gibson (2010) delve into how guerrilla marketing strategy is able operate alongside the social media marketing strategy by noting the cost aspect of combining the two marketing strategies. They reveal that creating a social media platform requires zero fees. Levinson and Gibson (2010) carry on by discussing that all guerrilla marketers should take advantage of this idea as it gives guerrilla marketers such as Toyota the opportunity to maximise their brand to a wider audience. genial Media Marketing Strategy ImprovementBased on the findings Toyota has already constructed a solid social media marketing strategy. However Toyota could improve their social media marketing strategy as a way to study their competitors.West, Ford and Ibrahim (2015) bring to light how the social media marketing strategy plunder useful branch when analysing your competition. West, Ford and Ibrahim (2015) provide an insight on how the social media strategy is a contemporary tool for monitoring and gathering information about competitors within your market segments. Moreover West, Ford and Ibrahim (2015) go further by making a note of the type of information that can be self-contained about competitors where information can include competitor brands, strengths, weaknesses and strategic decisions. additionally West, Ford and Ibrahim (2015) present an extra commodity where they state corporations such as Toyota can employ specialist firms to analyse competitors on their behalf. Having access to such information would provide Toyota with ammunition which they can then use to get a better understanding of the market they are competing in.Trade Show Marketing Strategy improvementToyota could improve their trade show marketing strategy by integrating their trade show and social media strategies together. death penalty their social media strategy onward and during their trade shows would help Toyota to improve avocation and awareness of their trade shows.Stratten and Kramer (2012) bring to attention that social media is one of the best ways to increase traffic at a trade shows. This can be done is by engaging in social media before and during the event. Stratten and Kramer (2012) offer an example of this tactic by saying that users of the trade show marketing strategy could use a social media outlet such as Twitter for their trade shows by using the hashtag tool. According to subgenus Chen et al. (2014) the hashtag tool is a feature on social media that is used to list messages by topic. Stratten and Kramer (2012) continue by explaining that the use of hashtags enable the hosts of trade shows to chitchat what people are saying about their conferences. This tactic can be carried out days or weeks before the event.ConclusionResearch has revealed how submissive marketing strategies can be to a companys success. Additionally the report has shown how various marketing strategies play different roles to elicit varied results. Research has also illustrated how marketing strategies can be the catalyst to a companys longevity and accept the power to separate successful companies from unsuccessful companies.What is more from research conducted it can be seen that even established companies such as Toyota still have room for improvement as development is a never terminus process.Overall the report has helped to discover how Toyota has attained their current status within the automotive market. Toyota is good example of a company that executes effective marketing strategies. The marketing strategies outlined in the report have helped to expose how Toyota has had such a strong force in the automotive market over the years.ReferencesBoone, L. and Kurtz, D. (2014). Contemporary Marketing. ArkansasBoyles, D. (2008). The Corporate Assault on Youth. New York Peter LangB+s exhibitions (2015). b+s exhibitions GmbH . online Available athttp//wordpress.bs-exhibitions.de/?lang=enChen, Y., Balke, W., Xu, J., Xu, W., Jin, P., Lin, X., Tang, T. and Hwang, E. (2014). Web-age information management. Macau Springer.Ferrell, O. and Hartline, M. (2010). Marketing Strategy. 6th ed. Erin Joyne.Fifield, P. (2012). Marketing Strategy. second ed. The Chartered Institute of MarketingHarrison, J. and St. John, C. (2013). Foundations in strategic management. Mason, Ohio Thomson/South-Western.olden, R. and Burton, M. (2010). Pricing with Confidence. Somerset Wiley.Hypermiler (2015 ). Hypermiler.co.uk, Hypermiling News, Techniques Tips. online Available athttp//www.hypermiler.co.uk/Levinson, J. and Gibson, S. (2010). Guerrilla Marketing for Social Media 100+ Weapons to Grown Your Online Influence, Attract Customers and Drive Profits. entrepreneur Press.Solberg Silen, K. (2013). Exhibit marketing and trade show intelligence. Berlin Springer.Stratten, S. and Kramer, A. (2012). UnMarketing. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley.Toyota Global (2015). Toyota Global Site Overview. online Available athttp//www.toyota-global.com/company/profile/overview/Tybout, A. and Calder, B. (2010). Kellogg on Marketing. 2nd ed. Illinois.West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E. (2015). Strategic marketing. Oxford Oxford University Press.Wood, M. (2007). Essential guide to marketing planning. Harlow Financial Times learner Hall.Zarrella, D. (2015). The Social Media Marketing Book. Sebastopol OReilly Media.BibliographyConway, A. (2015). Beijing Auto Trade Show Toyota let out its new Concept. online Au to-Types.com. Available athttp//www.auto-types.com/autonews/beijing-auto-trade-show-toyota-unveil-its-new-concept-8598.htmlGlobal, T. (2015). Toyota Global. online YouTube. Available athttps//www.youtube.com/user/TOYOTAglobalLum, R. (2012). Toyota nurture Whats Behind You. online Creative Guerrilla Marketing. Available athttp//www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/guerrilla-marketing/toyota-protect-whats-behind-you/Seymour, R., Haddon, E. and Brownlee, S. (2012). Hot looks and undisturbed Connections with New Toyota Aygo Fire and Ice UK Media Site. online Media.toyota.co.uk. Available athttp//media.toyota.co.uk/2012/02/hot-looks-and-cool-connections-with-new-toyota-aygo-fire-and-ice/Appendix A Penetration Pricing Marketing Strategy ExampleSourced from Toyota UK Media, 2012Appendix B Guerrilla Marketing Strategy ExampleSourced from Creative Guerrilla Marketing, 2012Appendix C Social Media Marketing Strategy ExampleSourced from YouTube, 2015Appendix D Trade Show Marketing Strategy Exa mpleSourced from Auto Types, 2015

Health Three Levels Of Promotion Health And Social Care Essay

Health Three Levels Of packaging Health And Social Care EssayThe iii levels of wellness advancement include primary coil, subsidiary, and third. tot onlyy levels are equally beta and divers(prenominal)iate in hampering unsoundness and providing starting points for wellness conduct issuers to offer forbearings positive, effective change. All levels are central in nursing because nurses are able to replication leave-taking in almost every step of the forward motion. Within the three levels of progress, there are five steps. These steps include health furtherance and specific aegis (primary meacertain(p)) early diagnosing, prompt sermon, and baulk limitation ( supplemental streak) and comeback and rehabilitation ( 3rd streak) (Edelman Mandel, pg. 18).Primary legal community includes health promotion and specific protection (Edelman et al, pg. 18). In primary prevention, the main focus is to avoid the development of the ailment and to focus on interventions to cite a healthy life. Its decide is to also fall down the vulnerability of the individual or population to disease or disfunction (Edelman et al, p. 14). Nurses moldiness do their part in encouraging preventative and allot interventions to purify affected role health. Primary prevention also involves two push subdivisions that include health promotion and health protection. An example of health promotion would be educating a patient on their health or on nutrition. This type of promotion includes both type of education that would hike a healthy life style. Health protection would be anything that would protect the patient from a disease. For example, health protection move include administering immunizations to reduce exposure the flu virus this winter.Secondary prevention refers to activities like masking piece and early diagnosing that serve in manipulation of the existing health problem, disease, or damaging situation. Secondary prevention ranges from providing screening activities and treating early stages of disease to limiting disability by averting or delaying the consequences of advanced disease (Edelman et al, p. 18). It is during secondary prevention when early detection occurs in the window of time just forward symptoms are apparent, which fosters early treatment and delays onset of to a ampleer extent serious symptoms (Murray, R., Zentner, J., Yakimo, p. 42). The going between primary prevention and secondary prevention is simple. In primary prevention, the focus is more on how to prevent or decrease the opportunity of the disease or problem before it precedes and allots diverse suggestions to promote a healthy modus vivendi. In secondary prevention however, the preventative methods are more focused on the actually screening and encourages early detection and treatment before a serious disease occurs.TertiaryTertiary prevention is the last level of promotion that promotes health. Tertiary prevention refers the person to opt imal function or maintenance of life skills through long-term treatment and rehabilitation (Murray et al, p. 42). This form of prevention involves treatment, rehabilitation, prompt treatment, and patient education. Usually, tertiary prevention is used when the disability or disease bottomlandnot be reversed or is permanent. This level of prevention is easier to look at more as treatment rather than prevention. At this point, the disease has already been established, and the main focus is to minify the detrimental make of the disease process and maintain optimal health. It is important that the nurse ensures that persons with disabilities receive services that enable them to live and work match to the resources that are still available to them (Edelman et al, p 19). In primary and secondary prevention, the treatment is geared more towards preventing the actual disease and early diagnosis and detection. In tertiary treatment, the focus turns toward the reduction of any further com plications formerly the disease process has already progressed. All three levels are equally important to prevent disease, but also have a key impact in health promotion in nursing.Health promotion and purpose for nursingHealth promotion is behavior motivated by the persons desire to increase sanitary-being and health potential (Murray et al pg. 42). Individually, patients must(prenominal) find that motivation to ensure and attain optimal health. Nurses, as well as many former(a) health dispense suppliers play an important procedure in motivating and encouraging patients to maintain and strive towards discover health. Here is where nurses merchantman use all skills learned to use primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to encourage healthy lifestyles.Nursing roles and responsibilitiesThe role of the nurse in health care promotion dismiss be demanding, and tiresome, but in the end is simply gratifying. Nurses must take on many different roles to ensure that the patients are promoting and maximizing they health. These roles may include educator, power, provider of care, researcher, care manager, and consultant. By incorporating all these different roles, nurses teach people how to remain healthy. Nurses must have an evidence-based understanding of the significant effect that can be make through health promotion interventions and communicate this understanding to the public at large (Murray et al, pg.42). The goal is for people to become more aware of lifestyle changes that can consequently worsen their health status and make the lifestyle changes to maintain a healthier lifestyle.Nurses can attention in promoting health in many different shipway. Nurses are the educators in providing patients and their families with the proper resources to maintain a healthy life. Whether it means teaching on nutrition, immunizations, or diseases, nurses provide most of the teaching. Nurses can also be advocators by making sure the patient is receiving what they are entitled to in the health care system of rules and from their provider. The nurse is to go to person when the provider is not available. Nurses also aid in providing the delivery of care, consulting the patient when any problem exists, and researching and relaying message to the provider when a problem or question exists. For example, in Healthy commonwealth 2010, nurses must take on the role in all of these situations to promote a healthier, better lifestyle.Implementation methods for health promotionIn score to implement health promotion, nurses are taught to properly find election methods that individualize every patient in contact with their delivery of care. Not all forms of health promotion are done by the bedside nurse, but can also be encompassed by the clinic nurse and the community nurses. These levels of promotion can be brought on by the clinic and community nurse by pass different presentations regarding what is directly affecting the specific community. By in volving the community in different methods of health care promotion and prevention, the nurse is doing his/her part to assist in primary and secondary promotion. Then, if the assistance is needed, tertiary prevention can be used. The nurse must learn to encompass and become long-familiar with every aspect of prevention and promotion in target to do his/her part in preventing and promoting healthier lifestyles. In order to facilitate and restrain to patients needs, evidence based practice is key. There are many clauses that can justify and help solidify the need for prevention and promoting in patient lifestyles.Compares the three levels of health promotion preventionFirst memberThe article that I put in from the sybaritic Canyon University Library discussing primary prevention is called Opportunities for the Primary Prevention of Obesity during Infancy. This article discusses the opportunities that physicians have to decrease and prevent fleshiness during infancy. The article proved that through early intervention and prevention, great promise holds for interrupting the vicious cycle of obese children becoming obese adults who later on have obese offspring themselves (Paul, Bartok, Downs, Stifter, Ventura, and Birch). Evidenced proved that if providers instructed parents on different strategies to promote healthy behaviors, that the infants will have long lasting obesity preventive effects. By using primary prevention, obesity during infancy and maybe throughout the lifetime may be decreased by primary intervention. This article would be beneficial to nursing practice because throughout pregnancy, nurses would be able to learn how vital it is to continue to maintain and continue to show healthy eating habits to pregnant mothers and their children to potentially avoid obesity and other health problems for the child.Second articleThe second article that I found from the Grand Canyon University Library discussing secondary prevention was called Running nurse-led secondary prevention clinics for coronary heart disease in primary care qualitative study of health professionals perspective. This article was based on a nurse led trial that used secondary prevention to improve coronary heart disease and lower all-cause mortality during a cardinal year follow up. This article emphasized on how this clinic was run by nurses and whether or not it was effective. Studies showed how it was viewed positively by most healthcare professionals that had been involved in running them, but barriers to their implementation had led most to block off running them at some point (Campbell Murcia). It also proved that although it faculty have been effective, many of variables interrupted in proving the study effective. Issues like overleap of space and staff shortages, funding training, and communication arose within the practice and in the end ended the study. The study still showed how effective the nurses ran the clinic and seemed to be able to do their part in preventing and lowering the occurrence of coronary heart diseases. ternary articleThe third article I found in the Grand Canyon University Library on tertiary prevention is called Applying epidemiologic concepts of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to the elimination of racial disparities in asthma attack. This article emphasized the sizeableness in prevention in asthma. It stated that the primary prevention targets reductions in asthma incidence secondary prevention is the mitigation of established disease and involves disease detection, management, and control and tertiary prevention is the reduction of complications caused by desolate disease, (Joseph, Williams, Own by, Saltzgaber, and Johnson). This article is good because it is able to illustrate all of the effects of proper primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. The article showed how by managing, and understanding the disease, changes that could reduce asthma morbidity in US minorities and ultimately mitigate disparities (Joseph, et al).ConclusionThis purpose of this paper was to inform the reader of the different levels of health promotion and the role that nurses must play in encouraging this care. Nurses can do their part in promoting a healthier lifestyle for their patients by using alternative methods of prevention. Primary prevention involves health promotion and protection, secondary prevention involves screening and early diagnosis, and tertiary prevention focuses on treating the actual disease and preventing any further complications. It is important for nurses to understand that the role they play on patient health care is vital. Patients rely on nurses to help alleviate and advocate for them when any sort of ailment or sickness occurs. In order for nurses to promote health they must become familiar with the different ways of helping to prevent and promote healthier lifestyles. The articles that were chosen in this article illustrated the different positive effects of prevention and the different ways nurses and health care providers can promote a healthier lifestyle.