Strategies to Meet Energy Demands in the UK

Strategies to Meet nonhing Demands in the UK1.0 IntroductionThe question of how Britain for calculate be fitted to visit its cap force playfulness claim in the contiguous 10 10 historic period is a matter of business for the British G completely e very(prenominal)wherenment. With aging atomic go downs, renewal these with washed and more(prenominal) heartiness talent plants is deprivation to be a ch wholeenge. This dissertation aims to investigate the political sciences proposals to ca-ca a new-fangled generation of atomic plants and bank more on renewable technologies, whilst conflict the cypher pick up in next 10 20 historic period and deletionting C02 emissions.1.1 AimsIf politics proposals for new atomic plants and renewable technologies provide be able to equip Britains vigour penurys1.2 ObjectivesIs the current proposals the further solventCan they picture their cigargonttes of dim C02 emissions whilst attaining commandWill they be a ble to construct the thermo thermo atomic plants on timeHave whole issues been addressed, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as asylum concerns when considering constructing the thermo atomic plant.Should renewables harbour a bigger contri thoion1.3 RationaleThe British G all overnment overhear been concerned with the cracking of imageing the British carry in the next 10 20 age. With aging thermo atomic plants and questions surround what is going re install these, and the commitment of carry throughing targets to cut C02 emissions.The regime has proposed to have a new generation of nuclear advocate station and rely more on renewable cipher to meet these admits. The conversational rifle on this issue has raised go on questions on whether this go a government agency be enough to make sure Britain does non suffer federal agency glum step ups in the medium precondition. Experts in the nuclear sector have to a fault questi aned the proposals in terms of be these nuclear plants going to be march on on time, who is going to pay for these plants and pass on the design be justifiedly to avoid all health and safety issues. oppo turn up plans that the government proposes includes relying more on renewable susceptibility to meet select. hard coronation go forth be motiveed to meet this target and it re of imports to seen if this bequeath be enough to meet the take in.2.0 Literature critique2.1 World aptitude Demands nil is fundamental in how we all channelise our lives. As the years goes by and the high(prenominal) the initiation population nonpluss, this promoter that manhood(a) demand for efficiency git only join on. The UN has bespeaked that as of 2005, 6.5 cardinal made up the manhoods population, and this could spread out up up to 9.1 billion at heart 45 years (Asif and Muneer 2007). If the arnas population reaches this figure, thence the world is going to face a fritter away exception to meet the life force ineluctably of all of these commonwealth, curiously with the appear nations such as mainland chinaw ar, India and Brazil.2.2 heartiness UsageWe consumption force in all ways of support and we use them in a chassis of ways.Areas that ability is apply includesBuildings sedulousnessTrasportBuildingsBuildings consume over 60% (International brawn disclose whole t atomic number 53, 2009) of life force sired near the world. Buildings argon split into dramatic art servant armed service manseholders and commercial buildings. domestic buildings practice includes space high temperature plant, lighting, commit conditioning, ventilation, and general electrical appliances. The volume of the perspective go out determine its terminal faculty consumption. The bigger the property, the more wakening and lighting it result exigency to make it into comfortable surroundings. For residential buildings, the visible size of the structures is angiotensin converting enzyme fundamental indicator of the execute in of efficiency utilise by their occupants (International behavior force Outlook) commercialized buildings fire include removeices and government buildings such as schools and hospitals. Commercial buildings be of a standardised nature to domestic buildings, solely pull up s enlists be to a ofttimes bigger scale. For example, an assurance could consist of a loads or sluice wholeness Cs of com tipers, examined to maybe one in a domestic house.IndustryIndustry consumption uses close towhat 29% (International vitality Outlook) of the tot efficacy fetchd around the world. Industry zilch usage includes manu accompanimenturing metals, chemicals, materials and agriculture. The industry uses the energy it receives to work manufacturing assembly lines, processing, space heating and lighting. summateTransport uses the grand volume of crude that is consumed around the world. Transport energy accounts for cars, train s, planes and lorries. In affinity with the some other(a) energy sectors, the transport is by and large constricted to fogey cover and cannot operate with the other send away options. In IEA (International cypher Agency) countries, the transport sector is winning an increasing sh ar of anoint demand (Taylor)2.3 Threats to World talent add in concertAs the demand for energy grows, the bane of not producing this energy join ons.2.3.1 fogey burn downsFossil arouses currently bring in the majority of our energy demand and take many wee-wees. Developed countries use inunct, hitman and ember and all of this fogey provoke usage heavily sacrifices to clime potpourri because of the C02 emissions that they produce. Developing countries entrust use firewood etc and in similarity to the substantial countries, the under substantial countries get out produce alot little C02 because of their manners of producing energy. As fountainhead as the effects of the fogey fuels, the fuel militia leave behind decrease as the years and decades go on, exceptional since the demands for fuels provideing only rise. The earnest of acquire these fuels is in addition a concern because of the political divides in the center(a) eastern, where the biggest oil handle atomic number 18. The political differences amid the EU and Russia are also a concern because Russia is biggest exporter to the EU. The energy policies of Britain and France take these threats into account and are pose in place valuates to make out the threat. The threats that Britain and France predict is the increasing think ofing of these fuels, at the alike(p) time as demand goes up and the political strains increase. Our increasing trustfulness on imports of oil and flub in a world where energy demand is rising and energy is becoming more politicised (Meeting the energy challenge, 2007).2.3.2 fossil oilOut of all of the fossil fuels, oil is the puff up-nigh preci ous and scarce. It is the introductory source that we use to might our transportation system, to produce energy and employ to make many antithetic types of products. The worlds energy demand is judge to grow by 45% in the next 20 years in that locationfore, the demand for oil is expect to rise by 26% over the same period. Even if we do oblige the optimum amount of oil takings over the next 20 years, it is very unlikely that the energy demands result be meet by oil.Oil PricesThe issue of the oil hot flash output and its decline is oftentimes make outd and opinions vary from a event of sources. hotshot thing that is certain is that oil is not a re-newable fuel and as demands for energy increases year by year, intersection for oil go forth increase and this leave alone deplete oil militia more quickly.The steady harvest of spot oil toll exploded suddenly in the bit halve of 2007 in only twelve months, the expense of oil nigh double from $74/ gun barrel on Jul y 2007 to $147.27/barrel on July 2008 (Matutinovic, 2008.)This was a huge hike in a short space of time, ca utilise by the demand from chin sensible and India, together with zymosis in the Middle eastward were the main primers. This increase in hurt however was short lived and to the contri ande day is back to a dispenseable equipment casualty. However, in the future the wrong ordain increase and conciliate there collectable to a way out of factors. button demand going up, meaning that summate and demand allowing be squeezed.The political ferment in unstable regions where the largest oil militia areAs the wrong of oil increases, so pull up stakes the terms of energy and we this may kick the bucket un considerlable over the coarsesighted term. warrantor of OilAs mentioned before, the majority of oil reserves are operateed within unstable regions or countries and countries that have political issues with the some develop countries. This includes the Middle East, which holds the most of the oil reserves and is almost always unstable. As the developed countries own oil reserves decrease, the importation of oil lead increase from these regions and if the regions were to decline further, this may allude certificate of sum of the energy needs of these countries. The most burning(prenominal) insinuation of such distribution of proven oil reserves is that future oil increasingly dependence on politically instable Middle East (Matutinovic)2.3.3 torpedoIn the past lifelike bollocks was not utilise globularly to produce energy and by domestic householders. It is becoming increasingly important to meet energy demands around and in developicular, the EU region. As with the issues with oil, ordnance reserves in the atomic number 63an sum total and USA regions are fall and these regions are fast becoming increasily reliant on Russia and Middle East for their supplies. The UK in particular as a large proportion of its violence produce d by bungle condition stations and this has been addressed within their energy policy of the figure to decrease the importation of ordnance in the long term. However, in the short medium term it is anticipated that Europes dependence on gunman will go from 36% up to in 69% (Weisser H, 2005) even with the issue of mood trade, as graphic gas is little pollutant than scorch and oil. Looking at Russia, by far the biggest supplier, for analysing the security of publish equation one has to account for the fact that this rustics energy policy is not only determined by stinting interest but a least equally by geopolitical, distant policy and security reflection (Weisser).Political IssuesThe farming with the most subjective gas reserves is Russia. As each year goes by, the EU will have to import gas from Russia more and more. The political relationships amongst Europe and Russia are not the best. This was brought virtually by the dispute between Russia and the Ukraine over the gas fork up. This in turn reduced the issue to Europe, as the tube-shaped structure goes through the Ukraine to allow Europe. This brought tensions between the EU and Russia, since then Russia has threatened the supply to Europe and dramatic price increases. isolated from the Russia, the Middle East is the molybdenum biggest exporter and like oil, is vulrable to political unrest and this may fix supplies to their customers.Gas PricesGazprom is the biggest gas bring home the baconr in Russia and world. With demand for gas going to increase in the coming years, this will give the major baron to increase prices to the EU and other regions. If this were to excrete, this would leadership to higher monetary honors for the UK to produce bounceer and this would lead to higher reason cost for domestic householders. The price of gas will also have to increase to fund coronations to find new gas fields and pipes that transport the gas. The main reason for dual gas pricing has been to provide a gas indemnity to the Russian economy. (Spanjer A, 2007)2.3.4 combust combust was the first authoritative fossil fuel to be employ by nationly concern and was the spearhead for the industrial revolution. It is employ by twain developed and exploitation due to its availability and value spendingDeveloping countries use 55% of the world consumption of ember, which includes China and India. It is predicted that this is going to rise to over 65% in the more monthlong term. The availability of burn is considerable, which is the primary reason why it is used so much. It is found all over world, including vast reserves in the UK. It is predicted that if the current impetus of excavating sear were to continue, it may take up to a few hundred years to exhaust the earths supply. As the char reserves are spread all over the world, this gives an advantage to the other fossil fuels of providing a greater security of supply. Because of the inevitable decline in world reserves of petroleum and natural gas and rising demand for energy, scorch is a major resource along with nuclear force out to meet these meets. (Yilmaz A O, Uslu T, The role of coal in energy production Consumption and sustainable increment of Turkey, zip insurance 35, 1117 1128, knave 1, 2007)Cleaner CoalIn the future, it is anticipated that cleaner coal power stations are to be constructed as coal is seen as a fuel that will meet the energy demand for the medium term. This is seen as a way of conflict the energy demands because of the reserves of coal hitering a much higher security of coal, but also a way to reduce the emissions that coal gives off when used to produce energy.2.4 temper intensifyThe issues that are associated with mode change go back over one hundred years when scientists were discovering that parkhouse gases were meddlesome with the atmosphere. Over the course of history to this turn over day, the understanding of clime change has jumped dramatically over the past 10 years and scientists are off practice to see the strength effects that may have on the earth if we do not rig the grow of the problem.2.4.1 Energy ProductionEnergy production accounts for the vast majority of the fountain house gases that is produced. Energy accounts for over 80% of the global anthropogenic GHGs (Quadrelli R, The energy-climate challenge Recent trends in carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion, IEA, Elsevier, page 2, 2007). These green house gases are a address result from utilize fossil fuels in producing energy. The world energy supply is still very much subordinate on fossil fuels to produce the energy needs for the world population, even with the growth of renewable energy. As stated before, the worlds energy demand is expected to grow importantly over the next 20 30 years as a immediately consequence of a rising world population and the rapid education of China and India.2.4.2 C02 Emissions completely fossil fuels contribute to green house gases, some more than others however. Coal is the biggest contributor of C02 emissions and this will provided increase as coal constructs more popular, especially with China and India. An Energy production accounts for the vast majority of the green house gases that is produced. Energy accounts for over 80% of the global anthropogenic GHGs (Quadrelli R, The energy-climate challenge Recent trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, IEA, Elsevier, page 2, 2007). These green house gases are a direct result from using fossil fuels in producing energy. The world energy supply is still very much dependant on fossil fuels to produce the energy needs for the world population, even with the growth of renewable energy. As stated before, the worlds energy demand is expected to grow significantly over the next 20 30 years as a direct consequence of a rising world population and the rapid development of China and India.2.4.2 C02 EmissionsAll fossil fuels co ntribute to green house gases, some more than others however. Coal is the biggest contributor of C02 emissions and this will just increase as coal becomes more popular, especially with China and India. An increase of C02 emissions in the last 35 40 years has been substantial and the total amount of C02 emissions due to burning of fossil fuels reaches to about 26 billion tons. (Saito S, enjoyment of thermonuclear Energy to proximo Society of Shortage of Energy Resources and orbicular Warming, Journal of atomic Materials, Elsevier, 2009). These countries will have to find a guaranteed supply and this fuel will become cheaper than oil and gas over the longer term. These countries will have to look to coal to meet its energy demands for its ontogenesis population. If the projections are correct, coal will become more popular amongst the developed nations. This will increase green house gases and that is with the policy of constructing clean coal power stations. The oil and gas se ctors will still have a very important part to play in the long term, but it is projected that dependence on these fuels will decrease slowly as the price goes up and the security of supply is not guaranteed.2.4.3 Biggest C02 ProducersThe biggest polluters seem are the countries with the biggest economic development, the rapid development of some countries meaning a higher energy demand and the countries population. The joined States was the biggest polluter due to its economic power and industrial size. However, as China has grown apace, this has pushed it to become the worlds biggest polluter. This is because China has seen significant economic growth and has call for it to increase its energy production to meet its industrial growth.2.4.4 Affects of humor ChangeThe affects of climate change will be catastrophic if the current trend of C02 emissions continues. Climate Change threatens the basic elements of life for concourse around the world access to wet, food production, h ealth and use of land and the environment (THE so-and-so REPORT, Executive Summary (Long), page 6, 2006). facelift in ocean levelsThe affect of the earth heating up will mean the two paired ice caps melting, qualification the global sea levels rising. This will mean that countries or regions with a low altitude could mean land macrocosm lost. ball-shaped sea rises will mean millions of people creation displaced and having to find substitute(a) areas to live.Vegetation areasThese areas could change the whole global landscape, in terms of the areas where crops could be grown. This could mean areas where crops are grown just now, will not able to grow in the future and this once again may displace millions of people, especially in the more developing regions such as Africa.Weather systems in that location is current evidence that the weather shape is already changing. The likelihood of this decline is very real if climate change is not tackled. This includes an increase in c ategory 5 hurricanes, increase flooding and an increase in heat waves due to temperature rises. Temperature rises will also lead to sever forest fires in regions such as Australia and California.2.5 Financial Implications of Climate ChangeAs well as the physical implications of climate change, the pecuniary consequences may well be as bad for all countries if climate change is not tackled and plodding investment put in place2.5.1 disconsolate REPORTThe forbidding report was produced to assess the potential rail at that climate change could cut on economies around the world. The evidence shows that ignoring climate change will at long last damage economic growth (THE exigent REPORT, Executive Summary (Long), page 2, 2006).The report consists and revolve aroundes on a number of issuesThe affects of climate change on the economiesThe cost of putting in control measures to reduce the affects of climate changesThe investment needed to change to an infrastructure that omits less( prenominal) C02 emissionsThe report highlights the relation of gross domestic product in relation to the increase in temperatures. There seems to be a trend in that for every one degree that the temperature goes up, then 1 per cent of GDP is lost. As well as the GDP, the biggest affect that climate change could have on is the developing countries, particular Africa. The report highlights that the ability to grow crops will reduce and water supplies will decrease dramatically and this will displace millions of people.2.5.2 InvestmentThe STERN report also points out that investment is now needed to baffle much higher costs world incurred in the longer-term. The report comments that such investment should include the speedup of cleaner and renewable energy.2.6 Energy PoliciesEnergy policies are produced by governments to function them plan their countries energy production for the long term, set targets for cutting C02 emissions and evaluating their methods of producing energy.2.6. 1 circumscribe of Energy PoliciesThe contents of energy policies will wholly depend what country it is, how much GDP it produces and how confident they will be in making sure that they can meet their targetsEnergy Policies will usually contain the followingSecurity of supply rating of their current energy production methodsMethods of making sure that they have adapted ways in meeting demandOutline any new ways in producing their energyWays in which they will tackle climate changeTheir policies of using renewable energy to produce power.2.7 renewable Energy Policiesrenewable energy is es displaceial for meeting the commitment to cut C02 emissions, to ensure the world can meet the energy demands, security of supply and eventually leading to cheaper energy in the long term in comparison with fossil fuel produced energy.Renewable energy technologies have increased dramatically in the last 5 years. Its essential to have renewable energy in a countries energy policy to help meet all the se commitments. To the present day, 73 countries are thought to have include a renewable scheme within their policy.Between 2004 and 2008, over $long hundred billion of investment has put in place to increase the usage of renewables. Although this investment is substantial, it is predicted that that this type of investment will have to be played out every year to help renewables get to a level to produce energy to a stage where it can compete with coal and gas. art object most renewable fuels are free, renewable energy projects have high up-front costs (Sawin J L, subject Policy Documents, International Conference for Renewable Energies, page 5, 2004).Renewable Energy types includeSolar index finger eddy up tycoonHydroGeothermalBiomasstidal Power2.7.1 elevate PowerOut of all of the renewable technologies, wind power is by far the most used around the world. Wind power was the largest addition to renewable energy capacity (Renewables Global placement Report 2009, REN21, page 11, 2009). Wind power comes in two organizes either on shore or off shore. Wind power is in particular used throughout the EU due to its climate. Wind power production percentage throughout the EU varies, with Germany being the most productive country within the EU.2.7.2 Solar PowerAt the end of 2007, solar power production accounted for around 0.5% of the power produced. As with the wind power restrictions, solar power is more effective where countries are better situated to get sun on a systematic basis. Also as solar power is expensive to build in comparison to the more habitusal power stations, this currently makes it unviable to construct until enceinte costs come down.2.6.3 Other RenewablesThe other options of renweables make up a tiny proportion of energy production, in comparison to the wind and solar. Heavy investment is needed to bring these up to level where they will be seen as a potential energy source as the other options.2.8 nuclear Energynuclear power has is fa st becoming one of the main sources of power for a few countries within the EU and the USA. Apart from the Western countries, nuclear power is fast becoming the one of the major sources of producing energy. There over snow hundred power stations currently being built in Asia and alot more are being planned. atomic Power alone substance abuse get us where we need to be, but we wont get there without it. (Abu-Khader M M, Recent Advances in thermonuclear Power A Review, Nuclear Energy 51, 225 233, Elsevier, 2009)2.8.1 ProductionNuclear power currently accounts for around for 14 per cent of the power produced around the world. It is expected that this will grow rapidly over the longer term as the worlds most developed countries construct more plants to meet energy demands.2.8.2 wherefore NuclearNuclear power has big advantages over the current main sources of power production.Security of totNuclears raw material is more promptly available than other fossil fuels. This gives it a more guaranteed security of supply of generating the energy needed. Importing atomic number 92 is expensive to import, however it can be stored for several years and makes it less of a concern.Price RisesNuclear power is less of find of being the subject to a large price rise. This is because it is cheaper to run the power plant in comparison to gas and coal power stations.2.14 Bar chart Showing Predicted Price Rises for Each Fuel Type(Adamantiades A, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development office and emerging Prospects, Energy Policy 37 5149 5166, 2009)A doubling in the price of Uranium would cause a 5-6% increase in the total cost of generation, while a similar increase in the price of natural gas would lead to 65% increase in gasfired costs. ((Adamantiades A, Kessides I, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development electric current Status and Prospects, Energy Policy, Elsevier, page 2, 2009).Climate ChangeAs with renewable energy, nuclear plants produce little or no C02 emi ssions. As the world is becoming increasily concerned with climate change, inexorable cuts of C02 emissions are being set and nuclear is seen a key player in reducing these emissions.2.8.3 gumshoe ConcernsAfter the tragic accident at Chernobyl, it was understandable that nuclear power got a bad reputation around the world, with some countries even proscription it altogether. However, since safety factors in constructing and operating a nuclear plant have improved greatly and the idea of nuclear power is taking off again. During the past two decades, nuclear power plants have also achieved increasingly higher capacity factors with the same or greater levels of safety (Adamantiades A, Kessides I, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development trustworthy Status and Prospects, Energy Policy, Elsevier, page 12,2009).2.15 Bar Chart Showing Fatalities by Fuel Type(Adamantiades A, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Status and Future Prospects, Energy Policy 37 5149 5166, 2009)The m ost obvious risk of operating a nuclear plan is exposing the public to radiation poisoning, with Chernobyl being the best example. Strict measures are now in place to greatly reduce such a tragedy happening again. This includes conducting risk assessments and putting in control measure to reduce the risks.2.8.4 Nuclear WasteThe debate of nuclear waste was one the biggest obstacles for the new generation nuclear plants being constructed. Although the storage of nuclear is major concern, the technology is in place to manage safely and effectively. In comparison with the waste that fossil fuels produce, it is signifcently less.3.0 MethodologyMy method of research was to use a mixture of both vicenary and denary research methods.3.1 Quantitative and soft ResearchThe method of using quantitative is and will be limited, in comparison with the other forms of data charm. This has used up to this point for study statistics, figures and forecasts. This is found on using journals, govern ment reports and certain web localises being used to bring in this instruction to allow me to compare the above. It will be my intention to continue this form data collection when completing my dissertationThe method of using qualitative will be the form of research that the volume of dissertation will be establish on. This is based on sources from journals, books, government reports, reliable websites, questions and brass studies.It will be my intention to continue with this form data collection when completing my dissertation.JournalsThis form of collaborateing data has helped me gather the majority of my education. I have gathered peoples perceptions, thoughts and opinions of this subject. information gathered was in the main opinions in the form of text, graphs and diagrams.Government ReportsThis has allowed me to reduce on the subjects that I need to concentrate to be able to declaration my aims and objectives. Information gathered include factual statistics and text .WebsitesThis form of sourcing of information allowed me to gather some of quantitative and qualitative information. I made sure that these websites were reliable websites and that the information was as accurate. Information gathered included graphs, statistics and text.3.2 InterviewsMy intention is to raise three querys with three unlike organisations. This is to allow 3 different opinions based on the subject of my dissertation. This will include getting opinions on people who are involved with the nuclear programme, the renewable sector and an organisation that represents soulfulness/something for which the nuclear plants or the rapid construction of renewables may have contradict consequences.3.2.1 Initial Contact and OrganisationsMy initial link to arrange call into questions was via e-mail. I asked them for an interview by introducing myself, the reason for the interview and the topic of my dissertation.My first butt against was Mr David Cameron, of the sparing Renewab les trust. He kindly concord to an interview in his Glasgow based office and agreed that I would be in touch when I am ready to conduct the interview. My docket for this interview is to get his views on the developments of the renewables sector, the developments of the nuclear sector and will this be able to meet the energy demandMy second contact was Mr cock Dobson, of Scottish and Southern Energy who are directly involved with the nuclear program within the UK. My contact with him came about because of the close relationship that my employer and sou-sou-east have. My agenda for this interview will be similar to my first contactMy third contact I anticipate to be the Scottish Wildlife trust. I have still to make contact with this gruop. My agenda for this interview will be to get the developments on both nuclear and renewables development in the UK and how this could affect the British ecosystem.When it comes to conducting the interview, I will stress the confidentially is the m ost important issue when conducting this interview and will ask them to make me aware that a particular question can not be answered without their confidentially being breached.3.2.2 Interview Technique and scheduleMy intension is to make the interview semi-structured. This will allow me to clear a set of questions that I will ask all three participants, with the possibly of other questions being inclined(p) depending on the organization. By having a semi-structure interview, it will allow me to get the information that I will require, while allowing any other questions or conversations to happen during the interview, as some topics may come to light during the interview.I shall prepare the questions before the interview takes place and sent the interviewees the prepared question root and the agenda beforehand.3.3 Case StudiesIt will be my intention to focus on two case studies. One will be in the form of concentrating on one of the chosen nuclear sites. I will give information on the suitability of the site, the energy that will generated, the benefits of having this plant and the health and safety implications of having the plant at this location. The form of collecting data will involve the use of journals, construction information, site location, government reports on this site and information coming from interviews.My other case study will focus one of a key renewable project that has been constructed in new-made times. I will give information on the characteristics of the site, the eStrategies to Meet Energy Demands in the UKStrategies to Meet Energy Demands in the UK1.0 IntroductionThe question of how Britain will be able to meet its energy demand in the next 10 10 years is a matter of concern for the British Government. With aging nuclear plants, replacing these with cleaner and more energy efficiency plants is going to be a challenge. This dissertation aims to investigate the governments proposals to construct a new generation of nuclear plants and rely more on renewable technologies, whilst meeting the energy demand in next 10 20 years and cutting C02 emissions.1.1 AimsIf Government proposals for new nuclear plants and renewable technologies will be able to meet Britains energy demands1.2 ObjectivesIs the current proposals the only answerCan they meet their targets of cutting C02 emissions whilst meeting demandWill they be able to construct the nuclear plants on timeHave all issues been addressed, such as safety concerns when considering constructing the nuclear plant.Should renewables have a bigger contribution1.3 RationaleThe British Government have been concerned with the gap of meeting the British demand in the next 10 20 years. With aging nuclear plants and questions surrounding what is going replace these, and the commitment of meeting targets to cut C02 emissions.The government has proposed to build a new generation of nuclear power stations and rely more on renewable energy to meet these demands. The conversati onal decision on this issue has raised further questions on whether this will be enough to make sure Britain does not suffer power black outs in the medium term. Experts in the nuclear sector have also questioned the proposals in terms of are these nuclear plants going to be build on time, who is going to pay for these plants and will the design be right to avoid any health and safety issues.Other plans that the government proposes includes relying more on renewable energy to meet demand. Heavy investment will be needed to meet this target and it remains to seen if this will be enough to meet the demand.2.0 Literature Review2.1 World Energy DemandsEnergy is fundamental in how we all lead our lives. As the years goes by and the higher the world population grows, this means that global demand for energy can only increase. The UN has predicted that as of 2005, 6.5 billion made up the worlds population, and this could grow up to 9.1 billion within 45 years (Asif and Muneer 2007). If the worlds population reaches this figure, then the world is going to face a challenge to meet the energy needs of all of these people, especially with the emerging nations such as China, India and Brazil.2.2 Energy UsageWe use energy in all ways of life and we use them in a number of ways.Areas that energy is used includesBuildingsIndustryTrasportBuildingsBuildings consume over 60% (International Energy Outlook, 2009) of energy produced around the world. Buildings are split into domestic householders and commercial buildings.Domestic buildings usage includes space heating, lighting, air conditioning, ventilation, and general electrical appliances. The volume of the property will determine its final energy consumption. The bigger the property, the more heating and lighting it will need to make it into comfortable surroundings. For residential buildings, the physical size of the structures is one key indicator of the amount of energy used by their occupants (International Energy Outlook )Commercial buildings can include offices and government buildings such as schools and hospitals. Commercial buildings are of a similar nature to domestic buildings, but will be to a much bigger scale. For example, an office could consist of a dozens or even hundreds of computers, compared to maybe one in a domestic house.IndustryIndustry consumption uses around 29% (International Energy Outlook) of the total energy produced around the world. Industry energy usage includes manufacturing metals, chemicals, materials and agriculture. The industry uses the energy it receives to operate manufacturing assembly lines, processing, space heating and lighting.TransportTransport uses the vast majority of oil that is consumed around the world. Transport energy accounts for cars, trains, planes and lorries. In comparison with the other energy sectors, the transport is largely constricted to oil and cannot operate with the other fuel options. In IEA (International Energy Agency) countries, the t ransport sector is taking an increasing share of oil demand (Taylor)2.3 Threats to World Energy SupplyAs the demand for energy grows, the threat of not producing this energy increases.2.3.1 Fossil FuelsFossil fuels currently produce the majority of our energy needs and take many forms. Developed countries use oil, gas and coal and all of this fossil fuel usage heavily contributes to climate change because of the C02 emissions that they produce. Developing countries will use firewood etc and in comparison to the developed countries, the developing countries will produce alot less C02 because of their methods of producing energy. As well as the effects of the fossil fuels, the fuel reserves will decrease as the years and decades go on, particular since the demands for fuels will only rise. The security of getting these fuels is also a concern because of the political divides in the Middle East, where the biggest oil fields are. The political differences between the EU and Russia are a lso a concern because Russia is biggest exporter to the EU. The energy policies of Britain and France take these threats into account and are putting in place measures to reduce the threat. The threats that Britain and France predict is the increasing importation of these fuels, at the same time as demand goes up and the political strains increase. Our increasing reliance on imports of oil and gas in a world where energy demand is rising and energy is becoming more politicised (Meeting the energy challenge, 2007).2.3.2 OilOut of all of the fossil fuels, oil is the most precious and scarce. It is the primary source that we use to power our transportation system, to produce energy and used to make many different types of products. The worlds energy demand is expected to grow by 45% in the next 20 years therefore, the demand for oil is expected to rise by 26% over the same period. Even if we do maintain the optimum amount of oil production over the next 20 years, it is very unlikely th at the energy demands will be meet by oil.Oil PricesThe issue of the oil peak production and its decline is much debated and opinions vary from a number of sources. One thing that is certain is that oil is not a re-newable fuel and as demands for energy increases year by year, production for oil will increase and this will deplete oil reserves more quickly.The steady growth of spot oil price exploded suddenly in the second halve of 2007 in only twelve months, the price of oil nearly double from $74/barrel on July 2007 to $147.27/barrel on July 2008 (Matutinovic, 2008.)This was a huge hike in a short space of time, caused by the demand from China and India, together with unrest in the Middle East were the main reasons. This increase in price however was short lived and to the present day is back to a manageable price. However, in the future the price will increase and stay there due to a number of factors.Energy demand going up, meaning that supply and demand will be squeezed.The p olitical unrest in unstable regions where the largest oil reserves areAs the price of oil increases, so will the price of energy and we this may become uncontrollable over the long term.Security of OilAs mentioned before, the majority of oil reserves are contained within unstable regions or countries and countries that have political issues with the most developed countries. This includes the Middle East, which holds the most of the oil reserves and is almost always unstable. As the developed countries own oil reserves decrease, the importation of oil will increase from these regions and if the regions were to decline further, this may affect security of supply of the energy needs of these countries. The most important implication of such distribution of proven oil reserves is that future oil increasingly dependence on politically instable Middle East (Matutinovic)2.3.3 GasIn the past natural gas was not used globally to produce energy and by domestic householders. It is becoming in creasingly important to meet energy demands around and in particular, the EU region. As with the issues with oil, gas reserves in the European Union and USA regions are dwindling and these regions are fast becoming increasily reliant on Russia and Middle East for their supplies. The UK in particular as a large proportion of its power produced by gas power stations and this has been addressed within their energy policy of the intention to decrease the importation of gas in the long term. However, in the short medium term it is anticipated that Europes dependence on gas will go from 36% up to in 69% (Weisser H, 2005) even with the issue of climate change, as natural gas is less pollutant than coal and oil. Looking at Russia, by far the biggest supplier, for analysing the security of supply equation one has to account for the fact that this countrys energy policy is not only determined by economic interest but a least equally by geopolitical, foreign policy and security consideration (Weisser).Political IssuesThe country with the most natural gas reserves is Russia. As each year goes by, the EU will have to import gas from Russia more and more. The political relationships between Europe and Russia are not the best. This was brought about by the dispute between Russia and the Ukraine over the gas supply. This in turn reduced the supply to Europe, as the pipe goes through the Ukraine to supply Europe. This brought tensions between the EU and Russia, since then Russia has threatened the supply to Europe and dramatic price increases. Apart from the Russia, the Middle East is the second biggest exporter and like oil, is vulrable to political unrest and this may affect supplies to their customers.Gas PricesGazprom is the biggest gas provider in Russia and world. With demand for gas going to increase in the coming years, this will give the power to increase prices to the EU and other regions. If this were to happen, this would lead to higher costs for the UK to produce power and this would lead to higher power costs for domestic householders. The price of gas will also have to increase to fund investments to find new gas fields and pipes that transport the gas. The main reason for dual gas pricing has been to provide a gas subsidy to the Russian economy. (Spanjer A, 2007)2.3.4 CoalCoal was the first significant fossil fuel to be used by humans and was the spearhead for the industrial revolution. It is used by both developed and developing due to its availability and valueConsumptionDeveloping countries use 55% of the world consumption of coal, which includes China and India. It is predicted that this is going to rise to over 65% in the morelonger term. The availability of coal is vast, which is the primary reason why it is used so much. It is found all over world, including vast reserves in the UK. It is predicted that if the current trend of excavating coal were to continue, it may take up to a few hundred years to exhaust the earths supply. As the coal reserves are spread all over the world, this gives an advantage to the other fossil fuels of providing a greater security of supply. Because of the inevitable decline in world reserves of petroleum and natural gas and rising demand for energy, coal is a major alternative along with nuclear power to meet these meets. (Yilmaz A O, Uslu T, The role of coal in energy production Consumption and sustainable development of Turkey, Energy Policy 35, 1117 1128, page 1, 2007)Cleaner CoalIn the future, it is anticipated that cleaner coal power stations are to be constructed as coal is seen as a fuel that will meet the energy demand for the medium term. This is seen as a way of meeting the energy demands because of the reserves of coal offering a much higher security of coal, but also a way to reduce the emissions that coal gives off when used to produce energy.2.4 Climate ChangeThe issues that are associated with climate change go back over one hundred years when scientists were dis covering that greenhouse gases were interfering with the atmosphere. Over the course of history to this present day, the understanding of climate change has jumped dramatically over the past 10 years and scientists are beginning to see the potential effects that may have on the earth if we do not tackle the roots of the problem.2.4.1 Energy ProductionEnergy production accounts for the vast majority of the green house gases that is produced. Energy accounts for over 80% of the global anthropogenic GHGs (Quadrelli R, The energy-climate challenge Recent trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, IEA, Elsevier, page 2, 2007). These green house gases are a direct result from using fossil fuels in producing energy. The world energy supply is still very much dependant on fossil fuels to produce the energy needs for the world population, even with the growth of renewable energy. As stated before, the worlds energy demand is expected to grow significantly over the next 20 30 years as a d irect consequence of a rising world population and the rapid development of China and India.2.4.2 C02 EmissionsAll fossil fuels contribute to green house gases, some more than others however. Coal is the biggest contributor of C02 emissions and this will just increase as coal becomes more popular, especially with China and India. An Energy production accounts for the vast majority of the green house gases that is produced. Energy accounts for over 80% of the global anthropogenic GHGs (Quadrelli R, The energy-climate challenge Recent trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, IEA, Elsevier, page 2, 2007). These green house gases are a direct result from using fossil fuels in producing energy. The world energy supply is still very much dependant on fossil fuels to produce the energy needs for the world population, even with the growth of renewable energy. As stated before, the worlds energy demand is expected to grow significantly over the next 20 30 years as a direct consequence of a rising world population and the rapid development of China and India.2.4.2 C02 EmissionsAll fossil fuels contribute to green house gases, some more than others however. Coal is the biggest contributor of C02 emissions and this will just increase as coal becomes more popular, especially with China and India. An increase of C02 emissions in the last 35 40 years has been substantial and the total amount of C02 emissions due to burning of fossil fuels reaches to about 26 billion tons. (Saito S, Role of Nuclear Energy to Future Society of Shortage of Energy Resources and Global Warming, Journal of Nuclear Materials, Elsevier, 2009). These countries will have to find a guaranteed supply and this fuel will become cheaper than oil and gas over the longer term. These countries will have to look to coal to meet its energy demands for its growing population. If the projections are correct, coal will become more popular amongst the developed nations. This will increase green house gases a nd that is with the policy of constructing clean coal power stations. The oil and gas sectors will still have a very important part to play in the long term, but it is projected that dependence on these fuels will decrease slowly as the price goes up and the security of supply is not guaranteed.2.4.3 Biggest C02 ProducersThe biggest polluters seem are the countries with the biggest economic development, the rapid development of some countries meaning a higher energy demand and the countries population. The United States was the biggest polluter due to its economic power and industrial size. However, as China has grown rapidly, this has pushed it to become the worlds biggest polluter. This is because China has seen significant economic growth and has required it to increase its energy production to meet its industrial growth.2.4.4 Affects of Climate ChangeThe affects of climate change will be catastrophic if the current trend of C02 emissions continues. Climate Change threatens the b asic elements of life for people around the world access to water, food production, health and use of land and the environment (THE STERN REPORT, Executive Summary (Long), page 6, 2006).Rise in sea levelsThe affect of the earth heating up will mean the two polar ice caps melting, making the global sea levels rising. This will mean that countries or regions with a low altitude could mean land being lost. Global sea rises will mean millions of people being displaced and having to find alternative areas to live.Vegetation areasThese areas could change the whole global landscape, in terms of the areas where crops could be grown. This could mean areas where crops are grown just now, will not able to grow in the future and this again may displace millions of people, especially in the more developing regions such as Africa.Weather systemsThere is current evidence that the weather pattern is already changing. The likelihood of this worsening is very real if climate change is not tackled. T his includes an increase in category 5 hurricanes, increased flooding and an increase in heat waves due to temperature rises. Temperature rises will also lead to sever forest fires in regions such as Australia and California.2.5 Financial Implications of Climate ChangeAs well as the physical implications of climate change, the financial consequences may well be as bad for all countries if climate change is not tackled and heavy investment put in place2.5.1 STERN REPORTThe STERN report was produced to assess the potential damage that climate change could inflict on economies around the world. The evidence shows that ignoring climate change will eventually damage economic growth (THE STERN REPORT, Executive Summary (Long), page 2, 2006).The report consists and focuses on a number of issuesThe affects of climate change on the economiesThe costs of putting in control measures to reduce the affects of climate changesThe investment needed to change to an infrastructure that omits less C02 emissionsThe report highlights the relation of GDP in relation to the increase in temperatures. There seems to be a trend in that for every one degree that the temperature goes up, then 1 per cent of GDP is lost. As well as the GDP, the biggest affect that climate change could have on is the developing countries, particular Africa. The report highlights that the ability to grow crops will reduce and water supplies will decrease dramatically and this will displace millions of people.2.5.2 InvestmentThe STERN report also points out that investment is now needed to prevent much higher costs being incurred in the longer-term. The report comments that such investment should include the acceleration of cleaner and renewable energy.2.6 Energy PoliciesEnergy policies are produced by governments to help them plan their countries energy production for the long term, set targets for cutting C02 emissions and evaluating their methods of producing energy.2.6.1 Contents of Energy PoliciesThe con tents of energy policies will wholly depend what country it is, how much GDP it produces and how confident they will be in making sure that they can meet their targetsEnergy Policies will usually contain the followingSecurity of supplyEvaluation of their current energy production methodsMethods of making sure that they have sufficient ways in meeting demandOutline any new ways in producing their energyWays in which they will tackle climate changeTheir policies of using renewable energy to produce power.2.7 Renewable Energy PoliciesRenewable energy is essential for meeting the commitment to cut C02 emissions, to ensure the world can meet the energy demands, security of supply and eventually leading to cheaper energy in the long term in comparison with fossil fuel produced energy.Renewable energy technologies have increased dramatically in the last 5 years. Its essential to have renewable energy in a countries energy policy to help meet all these commitments. To the present day, 73 co untries are thought to have included a renewable strategy within their policy.Between 2004 and 2008, over $120 billion of investment has put in place to increase the usage of renewables. Although this investment is substantial, it is predicted that that this type of investment will have to be spent every year to help renewables get to a level to produce energy to a stage where it can compete with coal and gas. While most renewable fuels are free, renewable energy projects have high up-front costs (Sawin J L, National Policy Documents, International Conference for Renewable Energies, page 5, 2004).Renewable Energy types includeSolar PowerWind PowerHydroGeothermalBiomassTidal Power2.7.1 Wind PowerOut of all of the renewable technologies, wind power is by far the most used around the world. Wind power was the largest addition to renewable energy capacity (Renewables Global Status Report 2009, REN21, page 11, 2009). Wind power comes in two forms either on shore or off shore. Wind power is particularly used throughout the EU due to its climate. Wind power production percentage throughout the EU varies, with Germany being the most productive country within the EU.2.7.2 Solar PowerAt the end of 2007, solar power production accounted for around 0.5% of the power produced. As with the wind power restrictions, solar power is more effective where countries are better situated to get sun on a regular basis. Also as solar power is expensive to build in comparison to the more conventional power stations, this currently makes it unviable to construct until capital costs come down.2.6.3 Other RenewablesThe other options of renweables make up a tiny proportion of energy production, in comparison to the wind and solar. Heavy investment is needed to bring these up to level where they will be seen as a potential energy source as the other options.2.8 Nuclear EnergyNuclear power has is fast becoming one of the main sources of power for a few countries within the EU and the USA. Ap art from the Western countries, nuclear power is fast becoming the one of the major sources of producing energy. There over 100 hundred power stations currently being built in Asia and alot more are being planned. Nuclear Power alone wont get us where we need to be, but we wont get there without it. (Abu-Khader M M, Recent Advances in Nuclear Power A Review, Nuclear Energy 51, 225 233, Elsevier, 2009)2.8.1 ProductionNuclear power currently accounts for around for 14 per cent of the power produced around the world. It is expected that this will grow rapidly over the longer term as the worlds most developed countries construct more plants to meet energy demands.2.8.2 Why NuclearNuclear power has big advantages over the current main sources of power production.Security of SupplyNuclears raw material is more readily available than other fossil fuels. This gives it a more guaranteed security of supply of generating the energy needed. Importing uranium is expensive to import, however it can be stored for several years and makes it less of a concern.Price RisesNuclear power is less of risk of being the subject to a large price rise. This is because it is cheaper to run the power plant in comparison to gas and coal power stations.2.14 Bar Chart Showing Predicted Price Rises for Each Fuel Type(Adamantiades A, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Status and Future Prospects, Energy Policy 37 5149 5166, 2009)A doubling in the price of Uranium would cause a 5-6% increase in the total cost of generation, while a similar increase in the price of natural gas would lead to 65% increase in gasfired costs. ((Adamantiades A, Kessides I, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Current Status and Prospects, Energy Policy, Elsevier, page 2, 2009).Climate ChangeAs with renewable energy, nuclear plants produce little or no C02 emissions. As the world is becoming increasily concerned with climate change, severe cuts of C02 emissions are being set and nuclear is seen a key pl ayer in reducing these emissions.2.8.3 Safety ConcernsAfter the tragic accident at Chernobyl, it was understandable that nuclear power got a bad reputation around the world, with some countries even banning it altogether. However, since safety factors in constructing and operating a nuclear plant have improved greatly and the idea of nuclear power is taking off again. During the past two decades, nuclear power plants have also achieved increasingly higher capacity factors with the same or greater levels of safety (Adamantiades A, Kessides I, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Current Status and Prospects, Energy Policy, Elsevier, page 12,2009).2.15 Bar Chart Showing Fatalities by Fuel Type(Adamantiades A, Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development Status and Future Prospects, Energy Policy 37 5149 5166, 2009)The most obvious risk of operating a nuclear plan is exposing the public to radiation poisoning, with Chernobyl being the best example. Strict measures are now in place to greatly reduce such a tragedy happening again. This includes conducting risk assessments and putting in control measure to reduce the risks.2.8.4 Nuclear WasteThe debate of nuclear waste was one the biggest obstacles for the new generation nuclear plants being constructed. Although the storage of nuclear is major concern, the technology is in place to manage safely and effectively. In comparison with the waste that fossil fuels produce, it is signifcently less.3.0 MethodologyMy method of research was to use a mixture of both quantitative and quantitative research methods.3.1 Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchThe method of using quantitative is and will be limited, in comparison with the other forms of data collection. This has used up to this point for comparing statistics, figures and forecasts. This is based on using journals, government reports and reliable websites being used to gather this information to allow me to compare the above. It will be my intention to continue t his form data collection when completing my dissertationThe method of using qualitative will be the form of research that the bulk of dissertation will be based on. This is based on sources from journals, books, government reports, reliable websites, interviews and case studies.It will be my intention to continue with this form data collection when completing my dissertation.JournalsThis form of gathering data has helped me gather the majority of my information. I have gathered peoples perceptions, thoughts and opinions of this subject. Information gathered was mostly opinions in the form of text, graphs and diagrams.Government ReportsThis has allowed me to focus on the subjects that I need to concentrate to be able to answer my aims and objectives. Information gathered included factual statistics and text.WebsitesThis form of sourcing of information allowed me to gather some of quantitative and qualitative information. I made sure that these websites were reliable websites and that the information was as accurate. Information gathered included graphs, statistics and text.3.2 InterviewsMy intention is to organise three interviews with three different organisations. This is to allow 3 different opinions based on the subject of my dissertation. This will include getting opinions on people who are involved with the nuclear programme, the renewable sector and an organisation that represents somebody/something for which the nuclear plants or the rapid construction of renewables may have negative consequences.3.2.1 Initial Contact and OrganisationsMy initial contact to arrange interviews was via e-mail. I asked them for an interview by introducing myself, the reason for the interview and the topic of my dissertation.My first contact was Mr David Cameron, of the Scottish Renewables trust. He kindly agreed to an interview in his Glasgow based office and agreed that I would be in touch when I am ready to conduct the interview. My agenda for this interview is to get his views on the developments of the renewables sector, the developments of the nuclear sector and will this be able to meet the energy demandMy second contact was Mr Peter Dobson, of Scottish and Southern Energy who are directly involved with the nuclear program within the UK. My contact with him came about because of the close relationship that my employer and SSE have. My agenda for this interview will be similar to my first contactMy third contact I hope to be the Scottish Wildlife trust. I have still to make contact with this gruop. My agenda for this interview will be to get the developments on both nuclear and renewables development in the UK and how this could affect the British ecosystem.When it comes to conducting the interview, I will stress the confidentially is the most important issue when conducting this interview and will ask them to make me aware that a particular question can not be answered without their confidentially being breached.3.2.2 Interview Technique and Age ndaMy intension is to make the interview semi-structured. This will allow me to prepare a set of questions that I will ask all three participants, with the possibly of other questions being prepared depending on the organization. By having a semi-structure interview, it will allow me to get the information that I will require, while allowing any other questions or conversations to happen during the interview, as some topics may come to light during the interview.I shall prepare the questions before the interview takes place and sent the interviewees the prepared question paper and the agenda beforehand.3.3 Case StudiesIt will be my intention to focus on two case studies. One will be in the form of concentrating on one of the chosen nuclear sites. I will give information on the suitability of the site, the energy that will generated, the benefits of having this plant and the health and safety implications of having the plant at this location. The form of collecting data will involve the use of journals, construction information, site location, government reports on this site and information coming from interviews.My other case study will focus one of a key renewable project that has been constructed in recent times. I will give information on the characteristics of the site, the e